Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, Volume I: To 1790, 1st Edition

549 Pages·2007·35.74 MB·English

by  Frank L. Kidner, Maria Bucur, Ralph Mathisen, Sally McKee, Theodore R. Weeks

Making Europe
This page intentionally left blank
VOLUME I: TO 1790
Making Europe
PEOPLE, POLITICS, AND CULTURE
Frank L. Kidner
San Francisco State University
Maria Bucur
Indiana University
Ralph Mathisen
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Sally McKee
University of California, Davis
Theodore R. Weeks
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston New York
Publisher:Suzanne Jeans
Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine
Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates
Senior Developmental Editor: Jeffrey Greene
Senior Project Editor: Jane Lee
Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber
Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon
Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare
Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton
New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan
Editorial Associate: Adrienne Zicht
Marketing Associate: Lauren Bussard
Editorial Assistant: Anne Finley
Cover image: Empress Theodora,detail from crown of Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Momomachos, 11th century.
Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior
written permission by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin
Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA02116-3764.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007938069
ISBN 13: 978-0-618-00480-5
ISBN 10: 0-618-00480-7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-CRK-11 10 09 08 07
Brief Contents
Maps xiii
Features xiv
Preface xvii
About the Authors xxiii
Chapter 1 The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient Near East,
3000–1200B.C.E. 2
Chapter 2 Iron Age Civilizations, 1200–500 B.C.E. 32
Chapter 3 The Rise of Greek Civilization, 1100–387 B.C.E. 58
Chapter 4 From Polis to Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic World, 387–30 B.C.E. 88
Chapter 5 The Rise of Rome, 753–27 B.C.E. 114
Chapter 6 The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.–284C.E. 144
Chapter 7 Late Antiquity, 284–527 174
Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean, 500–1000 204
Chapter 9 The Kingdoms of Western Europe, 500–1000 234
Chapter 10 The High Middle Ages, 1000–1300 262
Chapter 11 Reversals and Disasters, 1300–1450 292
Chapter 12 The Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe, 1350–1550 322
Chapter 13 Europe’s Age of Expansion, 1450–1550 348
Chapter 14 Reform in the Western Church, 1490–1570 380
Chapter 15 A Century of War and Wonder, 1550–1650 410
Chapter 16 State Building and the European State System 1648–1789 442
Chapter 17 The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, 1550–1790 476
Index I-1
v
Contents
Maps xiii Introduction 35
Features xiv Merchants and Traders of the Eastern Mediterranean,
Preface xvii 1200–650B.C.E. 35
From Bronze to Iron 35
About the Authors xxiii
The Phoenicians 36
Other Eastern Mediterranean Traders 38
Chapter 1 The Origins of Western Civilization
in the Ancient Near East,3000–1200 B.C.E. 2 The Hebrews and Monotheism, 1800–900 B.C.E. 39
Hebrew Origins 40
Choice Akhenaton Decides to Make Aton the Main
God of Egypt 4 The Exodus and the Age of Judges 41
Introduction 5 Voice The Song of Deborah 42
Before History, 2,000,000–3000 B.C.E. 5 The Evolution of Hebrew Identity 43
The Old Stone Age 5 The Hebrew Kingdom 44
The Neolithic Revolution 8 The Assyrians and Their Successors, 900–550
The Emergence of Near Eastern Civilization 9 B.C.E. 46
The Rise of the Assyrian Empire 46
Mesopotamian Civilization, 3000–1200 B.C.E. 11
Assyrian Economy and Government 47
Sumerian Gods and Legends 11
The Successors of the Assyrians 49
Sumerian Government and Society 12
Semitic and Indo-European Peoples 14 The Persian Empire, 550–500 B.C.E. 51
Cyrus and the Rise of the Persian Empire 51
The Code of Hammurabi 16
Darius and the Consolidation of the Empire 53
Egyptian Civilization, 3000–1200 B.C.E. 17
Persian Society and Religion 54
The Gift of the Nile 18
Persia, the West, and the Future 55
Egyptian Government and Society 19
Summary 56
The Age of the Pyramids 20
The Age of Osiris 21 Echo From the Lydian Shekel to the Silver Dollar 57
The New Kingdom 22
Voice Akhenaton, “Great Hymn to Aton” 23 Chapter 3 The Rise of Greek Civilization,
Lost Civilizations of the Bronze Age, 2500–1200 1100–387B.C.E. 58
B.C.E. 25 Choice Socrates Chooses Death 60
Ebla and Canaan 25 Introduction 61
The Minoans of Crete 25 The Development of Greek Identity, 1100–776
The Mycenaeans of Greece 27 B.C.E. 61
The Sea Peoples and the End of the Bronze Age 28 The Greek Dark Ages 61
Summary 29 Competition and Conflict 65
Echo The Return of the Mummy 30 Gender Roles 65
Greek Religion and Culture 67
Chapter 2 Iron Age Civilizations, The Archaic Age, 776–500 B.C.E. 69
1200–500B.C.E. 32 The Revival of Trade and Culture 69
The Evolution of Greek Literature and Thought 70
Choice Deborah Leads the Hebrew People Against
the Canaanites 34
vi
Contents vii
The Rise of Militarism 71
Chapter 5 The Rise of Rome,753–27 B.C.E. 114
New Forms of Government 72
Choice Spartacus Decides to Revolt 116
Sparta and Athens 73
Introduction 117
The Spartan Way 73
The Development of Roman Identity, 753–509
The Evolution of the Athenian Government 75
B.C.E. 117
The Athenian Democracy 76
ACity on Seven Hills 117
The Classical Age, 500–387 B.C.E. 77 What it Meant to Be Roman 119
The Persian Wars 78
Early Roman Religion 121
The Rise and Fall of Athens 80
Roman Family Life 123
The Golden Age of Greek Culture 82
The Evolution of the Roman Republic, 509–146
Voice Aristophanes Suggests How to End B.C.E. 125
the War 83
Roman Republican Government 125
Summary 86
Voice Polybius Describes the Roman
Echo The Olympic Games 86 Constitution 126
APeople Ruled by Law 127
Chapter 4 From Polis to Cosmopolis:The Going to War 128
Hellenistic World,387–30 B.C.E. 88 The Expansion of Rome 130
Choice The Maccabees Decide to Revolt 90 The Effects of Roman Expansion, 146–88 B.C.E. 132
Introduction 91 The Transformation of Rome 132
Alexander the Great, 387–323 B.C.E. 91 The Assimilation of Greek Culture 134
The Rise of Macedonia 91 Problems in the Provinces 135
The Unification of Greece 93 The Gracchi and the Military Recruitment
Crisis 136
Alexander’s Wars 93
Marius and the Volunteer Army 136
Alexander’s Empire 96
Voice Plutarch and Arrian Describe Alexander’s The End of the Republic, 90–27 B.C.E. 137
Mass Marriages 97 Sulla’s Example 137
The Hellenistic World, 323–30 B.C.E. 98 Late Republican Politics 138
The Hellenistic Kingdoms 98 The Triumvirates 139
Hellenistic Cities 100 Society and Culture at the End of the Republic 141
Voyages of Exploration 101 Summary 141
Hellenistic Culture and Science 102 Echo From Appian Way to Interstate Highway 142
Art and Literature 103
Aristotle and the Rise of Practical Chapter 6 The Roman Empire,27 B.C.E.–
Philosophy 104 284C.E. 144
Hellenistic Science 104 Choice Boudicca Chooses to Revolt Against
Hellenistic Technology 106 Rome 146
Identity in a Cosmopolitan Society 107 Introduction 147
An Age of Anxiety 107 Augustus and the Creation of the Roman Empire,
The Hellenistic Mystery Cults 108 27B.C.E.–14C.E. 147
Augustus the Emperor 148
The Intellectual Approach to Identity 109
The Unification of the Roman World 150
Hellenistic Judaism 110
The Age of Augustus 152
Summary 112
Echo The Seven Wonders of the Ancient The Roman Peace, 14–192 C.E. 154
World 113 The Successors of Augustus 154
Society and Culture 156
viii Contents
Urban Life 157 The Post-Roman World, 400–527 198
Economic Activity 159 Romans and Barbarians in the Post-Roman West
Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of 198
Christianity 161 The Barbarian Kingdoms 199
State and Private Religion 161 The Byzantine Empire 200
The Jews in the Roman World 162 Summary 202
The Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 163 Echo Sunday Blue Laws 202
Early Christian Communities 165
The Christians in the Roman World 167 Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean,
Voice Vibia Perpetua Records the Events Leading 500–1000 204
toHer Martyrdom 168
Choice Empress Theodora Changes Emperor
The Roman Empire in Crisis, 193–284 C.E. 169 Justinian’s Mind 206
The Emperors and the Army 169 Introduction 207
The Ruin of the Roman Economy 170 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East,
The Imperial Crisis 170 500–650 207
Summary 172 Justinian’s Ambitions 208
Echo From Roman Gladiators to Boxing and The Search for Christian Unity 210
Wrestlemania 172 The Codification of Roman Law 211
Constantinople: The New Rome 211
Chapter 7 Late Antiquity,284–527 174 The Empire After Justinian 213
Choice Constantine Decides to Become a The Rise of Islam, 600–700 214
Christian 176 The Arabian Peninsula 214
Introduction 177 The Life of Muhammad 215
The Restoration of the Roman Empire, 284–337 177 The Religion of Islam 217
Diocletian and the Return to Order 178 People of the Book 217
The Rise of Constantine 179 Muslim Families 219
Constantine and Late Roman Government 181 The Expansion of Islam, 700–800 220
The Christian Empire, 312–415 182 The Caliphate and Arab Invasions 220
Constantine and the Church 182 Across Africa and into Spain 221
The Impact of Christianity 183 Islamic Civilization 222
The Christian Life 185 Middle Byzantine Period, 600–1071 224
Christian Asceticism and Monasticism 187 Losses and Reforms 224
The Expansion of Christian Authority 188 The Waning of Byzantine Society 225
Late Romans and Their World 188 The Controversy over Icons 226
The Pursuit of Personal Security 189 Voice Church Councils Condemn and Restore the
New Opportunities 190 Use of Icons 228
Literary Culture 191 The Empress Irene 229
The Changing Landscape 192 AReorientation to the North 230
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Summary 231
364–476 193 Echo Sunnis and Shiites 232
Rome’s Last Golden Age 193
The Barbarians and Rome 193
Chapter 9 The Kingdoms of Western Europe,
The Disintegration of the Western Empire 195 500–1000 234
Voice Ammianus Describes the Huns 196 Choice The Pope Crowns Charlemagne
Interpretations of the Fall of the West 197 Emperor 236
Contents ix
Introduction 237 The Politics of Dynastic Families 279
Regional Rule, Local Views, 500–750 237 The Holy Roman Empire and Frederick II 280
Kingship and Rule in Merovingian Gaul 238 The Instruments of Rule 281
The Iberian and Italian Peninsulas 239 The Growth of Towns and Trade 281
The Decline of Trade 240 Expansion in Agriculture 282
The Decline of Cities 241 Revival of Trade and Town 282
The Western Church, 500–800 242 The Interests of Business 284
The Christianization of Northern Europe 242 The Trade in Slaves 284
Voice Pope Gregory Sends Instructions to a The Building of Cathedrals and the Spread of
Missionary 244 Learning 286
The Bishops 245 The Great Cathedrals 286
The Bishop of Rome 246 From Cathedral Schools to Universities 287
Monasticism and Learning 247 New Learning, New Thinking 288
Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the Summary 290
West, 700–900 249
Echo Crusade 290
From Mayor to King 249
From King to Emperor 250
Chapter 11 Reversals and Disasters,
Imperial Rule in the West 251
1300–1450 292
The Partition of Charlemagne’s Empire 253
Choice Joan of Arc Recants, Then Retracts Her
Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth
Recanting 294
Centuries 254
Introduction 295
Lords and Vassals 254
Famine and Plague 295
Peasants and the Manor 256
Saracens, Vikings, and Magyars 256 The Spread of Hunger 295
The Empire Under Otto 258 The Specter of Death 297
Summary 259 Endurance and Adaptation 298
Echo The Beginning of Time 260 Economies Under Stress 299
One Hundred Years of Warfare 300
Buildup to War 300
Chapter 10 The High Middle Ages,
1000–1300 262 An Occasional War 300
Choice Thomas Becket Defends the Liberties of the Violence Against Civilians 302
Church 264 The Final Stage 304
Introduction 265 Resistance and Revolt 304
Church Reform and Spiritual Renewal 265 Flanders 305
Reform from Within 266 France 305
The Church and Secular Authority 267 Florence 306
Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 268 England 307
Lay Leaders and Friars 269 AWorldly Church 308
The Crusades 272 Papal Ambitions 308
AWar to Renew the Church 272 The Avignon Papacy 309
Crusading Armies and Crusader States 273 The Great Schism 310
Voice Anna Comnena Describes the Crusaders 274 The Laity and the Church 311
Crusades in the East and in Europe 275 The Contraction of Europe’s Borders 312
The Impact of the Crusades 276 Old Empires and Newcomers 312
The Growth of Royal Authority 277 The Rise of the Ottoman Turks 313
From Weak Kings to Strong Monarchs 277