Making Cities Resilient

351 Pages·2019·10.88 MB·English

by  Vishwa Raj Sharma

The Urban Book Series
Vishwa Raj Sharma · Chandrakanta
Editors
Making
Cities
Resilient
The Urban Book Series
Series Advisory Editors
Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, University College London, London, UK
Michael Batty, University College London, London, UK
Simin Davoudi, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Andrew Kirby, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA
Karl Kropf, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
Karen Lucas, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Marco Maretto, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Fabian Neuhaus, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Vítor Oliveira, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
Christopher Silver, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
Giuseppe Strappa, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Igor Vojnovic, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
Jeremy Whitehand, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Aims and Scope
The Urban Book Series is a resource for urban studies and geography research
worldwide.Itprovidesauniqueandinnovativeresourceforthelatestdevelopments
in the field, nurturing a comprehensive and encompassing publication venue for
urban studies, urban geography, planning and regional development.
The series publishes peer-reviewed volumes related to urbanization, sustainabil-
ity, urban environments, sustainable urbanism, governance, globalization, urban
and sustainable development, spatial and area studies, urban management, urban
infrastructure, urban dynamics, green cities and urban landscapes. It also invites
research which documents urbanization processes and urban dynamics on a
national, regional and local level, welcoming case studies, as well as comparative
and applied research.
The series will appeal to urbanists, geographers, planners, engineers, architects,
policy makers, and to all of those interested in a wide-ranging overview of
contemporary urban studies and innovations in the field. It accepts monographs,
edited volumes and textbooks.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14773
Vishwa Raj Sharma Chandrakanta
(cid:129)
Editors
Making Cities Resilient
123
Editors
Vishwa RajSharma Chandrakanta
Department ofGeography Department ofGeography
Shaheed BhagatSinghCollege Shaheed BhagatSinghCollege
University of Delhi University of Delhi
NewDelhi, Delhi, India NewDelhi, Delhi, India
ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic)
TheUrban Book Series
ISBN978-3-319-94931-4 ISBN978-3-319-94932-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94932-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018946607
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Foreword by Prof. Aslam Mahmood
It gives me immense pleasure to extend my heartfelt greetings to Dr. Vishwa Raj
SharmaandDr.Chadrakanta andtheireditedbook,MakingCities Resilient.Cities
indevelopingcountriestodayfaceunprecedentedcrisesofunsustainableecological
balance. The increasing burden of population on infrastructure, uneven urban
development,deterioratingCentralBusinessDistrict(CBD),trafficcongestion,and
emerging heat island are some immediate problems deserving the attention of
planners and administrators alike.
Urban centres of any country are the engines of economic and social develop-
ment of the society and serve as “growth poles” of the economy. Specially, in
developing countries, every day a never-ending stream of migrants from different
parts of the country arrive at these urban centres in search of employment, edu-
cation, training, better quality of life, health care, etc. Urban centres are the last
hope of many people under distress and facing different types of social, political,
and economic hardship. Creating urban systems that meet a society’s particular
requirements is one of the important objectives of any planning exercise.
Monitoring the functioning of the country’s urban system and identifying the
bottlenecksinservingasociety’ssocio-economicneedswillhelp inachievingthis
objectiveinabetterway.Ihopethatthisbookwillthrowlightonvariousaspectsin
this direction and will provide important recommendations through which Indian
cities can be made more resilient and smart.
I wish the authors and their forthcoming book huge success!
New Delhi, India Prof. Aslam Mahmood
Former Professor
Centre for the Study
of Regional Development
Jawaharlal Nehru University
v
Foreword by Prof. Saraswati Raju
Cities offer intertwined experiences ranging from polluting locations to being loci
of popular and ancient cultures. At times they are at the crossroads of innovation
and new ideas. All of them, however, strive to create sustainable development
goals.
I believe that different aspects of urban issues and problems are highlighted
succinctlythroughthiseditedbook.Inaddition,implementingstrategiesintermsof
integrated urban planning is highlighted for the further research.
Icongratulate authorswho havecontributed inthis volume. Special praise goes
to the editors for their painstaking efforts in putting this book together. My best
wishes are with them.
New Delhi, India Prof. Saraswati Raju
Former Professor
Centre for the Study
of Regional Development
Jawaharlal Nehru University
vii
Foreword by Prof. R. B. Singh
I am pleased to know that my colleagues, Dr. Vishwa Raj Sharma and
Dr.Chandrakanta—fromShaheedBhagatSinghCollege,UniversityofDelhi,New
Delhi—have edited a book with the focal theme of making cities resilient.
Geography studies the characteristics of space and place. Thus, geographers
identifyandanalyzethespatialpatternsofhuman‒environmentrelationsthatshape
our lives and our society. This book attempts to understand urban land use/land
cover and their related challenges as well as put forward a probable solution to
make the cities resilient.
Thecurrentyear,2018,isactuallyagreatyeartostartavolumeoncitiesbecause
we are not only status post-HABITAT III, but the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals in 2015 set the stage for the next 15 years of global devel-
opment.Allofthedifferentgoalsapplytocities,andgoalnumber11isaboutcities
especially:“Makecitiesinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable.”Geographersask
relevant questions in order to understand human responses. The discipline of
Geographypromotestrans-disciplinaryresearchincorporatingco-designprocesses,
facilitating community engagement with and the involvement of different societal
stakeholders, together with developing scientific networks under a science‒policy
interface.
ix
x ForewordbyProf.R.B.Singh
On behalf of the International Geographical Union, I welcome the idea of a
compilation of unique research papers on contemporary urban issues. The volume
includes approximately two dozen research papers. The future research initiatives
forsmartcitiesmustbeappropriate,indigenous,andorientedtowarde-governance
andcreatingsolutions.Theoutcomesofresearchpapersintendtoprovideguidance
for solutions-oriented research to meet the global societal challenges identified in
theInternationalCouncilforScience’s(ICSU)FutureEarth2025Visioningeneral
and the ICSU’s Programme on Urban Health and Wellbeing in particular. Future
Earth Vision tries to explore new ways and paths to achieve cities’ resilience.
There exist wide gaps between academic communities and policy-making
bodies. Researchers should try to bridge such gaps. The thrust area of the current
volumeaddressesthecriticalknowledgegapsindiversesocietalset-ups.Ithelpsto
identifythesociocultural,economic,institutional,andpoliticalbarriers—aswellas
the opportunities and mechanisms—to promote balance between needs, desires,
growth, development, and urban planning.
I wish both editors, and the book, great success.
New Delhi, India Prof. R. B. Singh
Member, International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics‒
International Geographical Union
Joint National Committee, Indian
National Science Academy
Member, InterAcademy Partnership‒Global
Network of Science Academies
Working Group for Statement on
Disaster Risk Reduction
Vice President, International Geographical
Union
Member, International Council
for Science Scientific Committee‒
Urban Health and Wellbeing
Department of Geography, Delhi
School of Economics
University of Delhi
[email protected]
Preface
As our world has transformed, so have our urban areas. Today, cities are home to
54%oftheworld’spopulation,andbythemiddleofthiscenturythatfigurewould
increase to 66%. Millions of people globally are moving to cities every year. The
world has 23 mega cities, with Asia having 13 of them. The number of such
mega-cities is expected to increase rapidly by 2025, with Asia contributing the
greatest proportion. Therefore, the twenty-first century is being called the “Asian
Urban Century.” By 2020, of the world’s 4.2 billion urban population, approxi-
mately 2.2 billion will live in Asia. China and India will contribute 31.3% of the
total world urban population by 2025. Asian mega-cities are experiencing unsus-
tainable and unplanned growth and its negative consequences, such as haphazard
urban expansion, deteriorating inner-city infrastructure, traffic congestion, urban
heatisland,andmicro-climatechange.Mega-citiesinIndiasufferwithproblems—
like a lack of basic amenities such as housing, water, electricity, sewerage, etc.—
related to slums. Of the total estimated slum population (505.5 million) in Asia,
India hosts a large share. The United Nation Programme, Making Cities Resilient,
focusesonmitigatingthedisasterriskinurbanareas.Programmeslaunchedbythe
Government of India to make cities more resilient include Digital India, Make in
India, and Smart City Mission together with corporate social responsibility syn-
chronizingtheglobalizationofIndianmetropolitancities.However,inrecentyears
disaster and health risks in Indian cities have become the major challenging tasks
for urban governance.
Because they are powerhouses of economic growth and catalysts for inclusion
and innovation, cities face major problems ranging from poverty to pollution, thus
raising a call to focus on the upcoming challenges in different cities in the years
ahead.Alongwithvision,planning,andfinancing,citiescanhelpprovidesolutions
fortheworld.Inthisspirit,MakingCitiesResilient,aneditedbook,isacompilation
of selected papers focusing on different challenges and prospects of cities with a
special focus on Indian cities and three case studies from Japan, Poland and
Singapore.
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