Make: More Electronics

47.42 MB·English

by  Platt, Charles

Copyright Page: ii
Table of Contents Page: v
Acknowledgments Page: xv
What You Need Page: xvii
Preface Page: xvii
How to Use This Book Page: xviii
Schematics Page: xviii
Dimensions Page: xviii
Math Page: xix
Organization Page: xix
If Something Doesn’t Work Page: xx
Writer-Reader Communication Page: xxi
Me Informing You Page: xxi
You Informing Me Page: xxii
You Asking Me Page: xxii
Before You Write Page: xxii
Going Further Page: xxii
A Note from the Publisher: Safari® Books Online Page: xxiii
Power Source Page: xxv
Regulation Page: xxv
Setup Page: xxv
Boarding School Page: xxvi
Wiring Page: xxviii
Grabbing Page: xxix
Component Storage Page: xxxi
Verifying Page: xxxii
Chapter 1. Experiment 1: Sticky Resistance Page: 1
A Glue-Based Amplifier Page: 1
What’s Happening Page: 2
Symbology Page: 3
Warning: Nonstandard Leads Page: 3
Background: Conductors and Insulators Page: 4
Make Even More Page: 5
Chapter 2. Experiment 2: Getting Some Numbers Page: 7
Requirements Page: 7
Transistor Behavior Page: 7
Warning: Meter at Risk! Page: 10
Abbreviations and Datasheets Page: 11
What About the Voltage? Page: 12
Quick Facts About Voltage Page: 14
Make Even More: Old-School Metering Page: 15
Quick Facts About Transistors Page: 15
Answers to Voltage Divider Examples Page: 16
Chapter 3. Experiment 3: From Light to Sound Page: 17
Photosensitive Audio Pitch Page: 17
Chapter 4. Experiment 4: Measuring Light Page: 21
Using Phototransistors Page: 22
Quick Facts About Phototransistors Page: 22
Background: Photons and Electrons Page: 22
Quick Facts About the 555 Page: 23
Quick Facts About CMOS Versus Bipolar Page: 25
Chapter 5. Experiment 5: That Whooping Sound Page: 27
Make Even More Page: 28
Chapter 6. Experiment 6: Easy On, Easy Off Page: 31
Making Comparisons Page: 31
Quick Facts About Comparators Page: 32
Feedback Page: 32
Hysteresis Page: 34
The Symbol Page: 35
Quick Facts About Plus and Minus Page: 36
The Output Page: 36
More Quick Facts About Comparators Page: 37
Inside the Chip Page: 38
The Circuit Redrawn Page: 38
Warning: Inverted Comparators Page: 38
Comparisons with a Microcontroller Page: 39
Make Even More: A Laser-Based Security System Page: 40
Chapter 7. Experiment 7: It’s Chronophotonic! Page: 41
Warning: Avoid Dangerous Voltage Page: 41
The Circuit Basics Page: 42
Step Two Page: 43
Circuit Testing Page: 44
Relay Details Page: 44
The Coupling Capacitor Page: 45
Cracking a Clock Page: 45
Warning: No AC-Powered Clocks! Page: 46
Looking Inside Page: 46
Clock Voltage Page: 46
How It Beeps Page: 48
Using the Beeps Page: 49
Hooking Up the Clock Page: 51
How It Ought to Work Page: 51
Testing Page: 52
Connecting Relay to Lamp Page: 53
Warning: AC Precautions Page: 53
Make Even More Page: 54
What’s Next? Page: 55
Chapter 8. Experiment 8: Adventures in Audio Page: 57
Amping Up Page: 57
Introducing the Electret Page: 57
Can You Hear Me? Page: 58
Background: Microphone Miscellany Page: 60
Ups and Downs of Sound Page: 60
Chapter 9. Experiment 9: From Millivolts to Volts Page: 63
Putting a Cap on It Page: 63
Introducing the Op-Amp Page: 64
What’s the Difference? Page: 64
A Perfect Pair Page: 65
Measuring the Output Page: 66
Chapter 10. Experiment 10: From Sound to Light Page: 69
An LED-Transistor Combination Page: 69
Chapter 11. Experiment 11: The Need for Negativity Page: 71
Messing with Measurement Page: 71
DC Amplification Page: 72
The Ins and Outs of Amplification Page: 72
Electronic Ritalin Page: 75
Gain Page: 75
Background: Negative Origins Page: 76
Pushing the Limits Page: 77
No Pain, No Gain! Page: 78
Phase 1: Output Voltages Page: 78
Phase 2: Input Voltages Page: 79
Phase 3: Graphing It Page: 81
Phase 4: The Gain Page: 81
Is It Right? Page: 82
Splitting the Difference Page: 82
The Basics Page: 83
Basic with No Split Page: 84
Quick Facts About Op-Amps Page: 86
Chapter 12. Experiment 12: A Functional Amplifier Page: 87
Introducing the 386 Chip Page: 87
The Amplification Circuit Page: 88
Troubleshooting the Amplifier Page: 89
Chapter 13. Experiment 13: No Loud Speaking! Page: 91
Background: The Widlar Story Page: 91
Step by Step Page: 91
Sensing Page: 92
Will It Really Work? Page: 92
Background: Voltage Translation Page: 94
Noise Protest, Continued Page: 96
Power Problems Page: 98
Fail? Page: 99
Just One More Little Thing Page: 99
Chapter 14. Experiment 14: A Successful Protest Page: 101
Timing Is Everything Page: 101
Revision Summary Page: 103
The Noise Test Page: 104
Make Even More Page: 105
Can You Do It with a Microcontroller? Page: 105
What’s Next? Page: 106
Chapter 15. Experiment 15: It’s All So Logical! Page: 107
Experiment 15: Telepathy Test Page: 107
Background: ESP Page: 107
The Setup Page: 107
Quick Facts About Logic Chips Page: 110
ESP Logic Page: 111
Building It Page: 111
Making It Better Page: 113
Chapter 16. Experiment 16: Enhanced ESP Page: 115
Are You Ready? Page: 115
Cheating Revealed Page: 116
Failure Indicated Page: 116
Conflicts Page: 117
The Untangling Page: 117
Translating the Chart Page: 118
Optimizing Page: 120
Building It Page: 122
Details Page: 124
The Digital Difference Page: 125
Making It Even Better Page: 125
Not So Simple? Page: 125
Could We Use a Microcontroller? Page: 126
Chapter 17. Experiment 17: Let’s Rock! Page: 127
Background: Probability Page: 127
Background: Game Theory Page: 128
The Logic Page: 128
Who’s On? Page: 129
Who’s Cheating? Page: 130
Background: Gate Arrays Page: 131
Chapter 18. Experiment 18: Time to Switch Page: 133
Background: An XNOR Made from Light Switches Page: 133
Back to the Rock Page: 134
Showing Which Button Page: 135
Cheat Proofing Page: 137
Fit to Be Tied Page: 139
Wiring It Page: 140
Cheat-Proofed Wiring Page: 143
Conclusion Page: 143
Chapter 19. Experiment 19: Decoding Telepathy Page: 145
Decoder Testing Page: 145
Remembering Binary Page: 149
Boarding It Page: 149
Decoder Pinouts Page: 152
Chapter 20. Experiment 20: Decoding Rock, Paper, Scissors Page: 155
The Logic Page: 155
The Specification Page: 157
An Unobtainable Or Page: 157
Saved by NOR Page: 157
Boarding the Simplified Scheme Page: 158
Make Even More Page: 163
Undecoding Page: 163
Chapter 21. Experiment 21: The Hot Slot Page: 165
Muxing It Page: 165
Jumping and Roaming Page: 166
Quick Facts About Muxes Page: 167
Mux Pinouts Page: 167
Mux Applications Page: 168
Analog Versus Digital Mux Page: 169
Quick Facts About Mux Variants Page: 169
Game Design Page: 170
Slot Counting Page: 171
Circuit Design Page: 172
Slot Design Page: 175
Hot Slot Testing Page: 175
Who Wins? Page: 175
The Payoff Page: 176
Understanding the Odds Page: 177
Background: Alternative Game Arrays Page: 178
And a Microcontroller? Page: 178
Chapter 22. Experiment 22: Logically Audible Page: 179
Background: Neither Here nor Theremin Page: 179
Logical Audio Page: 179
Audible XOR Page: 179
All Mixed Up Page: 180
Chapter 23. Experiment 23: A Puzzling Project Page: 183
Background: The British King of Puzzles Page: 183
Moving Counters Page: 183
The Logical Grid Page: 184
Using Logic Page: 185
Switching Ovid Page: 186
Making Even More Page: 187
Answer to the Puzzle Page: 188
Chapter 24. Experiment 24: Adding It Up Page: 189
The Five Rules of Binary Page: 189
From Bits to States Page: 191
Background: The NAND Alternative Page: 193
Your Own Little Adder Page: 194
Breadboard Addition Page: 194
Chapter 25. Experiment 25: Enhancing Your Adder Page: 199
Return of the Decoder Page: 199
DIPping In Page: 200
Introducing an Encoder Page: 201
Other Encoder Features Page: 202
Background: The Power of Binary Page: 202
Background: Encode Your Own Page: 203
Make Even More: Other Input Options Page: 203
Can We Switch It? Page: 204
Make Even More: Switched Binary Adder Page: 204
Making a Table Page: 205
Switch Specification Page: 205
Make Even More: Other Possibilities Page: 207
Chapter 26. Experiment 26: Running Rings Page: 209
Ring Demo Page: 209
Warning: Timer Incompatibilities Page: 209
Annoying Pin Sequence Page: 209
Quick Facts About Headers Page: 211
Quick Facts About Ring Counters Page: 212
Making a Game of It Page: 212
Additional Features Page: 213
Playability Page: 216
Make Even More Page: 216
And a Microcontroller? Page: 217
Chapter 27. Experiment 27: Shifting Bits Page: 219
No Bouncing! Page: 219
Specifics Page: 219
A Bit-Shifting Demo Page: 220
Quick Facts About Shift Registers Page: 222
Pinouts Page: 223
Background: Bit Streams Page: 223
Modern Applications Page: 224
Chapter 28. Experiment 28: The Ching Thing Page: 225
Hexagrams Page: 225
The Display Page: 226
The Straight and Yarrow Path Page: 226
The Numbers Page: 227
Random Sampling Page: 228
The Look and Feel Page: 230
The Details Page: 231
Bars or LEDs Page: 231
Boarding the Ching Thing Page: 233
Assembly and Testing Page: 237
Ching Usage Page: 237
Packaging Page: 238
Chapter 29. Experiment 29: Common Sensors Page: 239
The Little Magnetic Switch Page: 239
Reed Test Page: 240
How It Works Page: 241
Level Sensor Page: 241
Fuel Gauge Page: 241
Quick Facts About Reed Switches Page: 242
Easy Substitution Page: 244
Installing a Reed Switch Page: 244
Background: Magnetic Polarity Page: 244
Magnetic Types and Sources Page: 244
Magnetic Shapes Page: 245
Make Even More: Eddy Currents Page: 247
Warning: Magnetic Hazards Page: 248
Chapter 30. Experiment 30: Hidden Detectors Page: 249
Hall Test Page: 249
Applications Page: 251
Quick Facts About Hall Sensors Page: 252
Hall Types Page: 252
Sensor Ideas Page: 253
Make Even More: Miniature Roll-the-Ball Game Page: 254
Plastic Bending Page: 254
Rolling-Ball Electronics Page: 255
Chapter 31. Experiment 31: Electronic Optics Page: 257
Active Light Sensors Page: 257
Warning: Slow Sensor Death! Page: 259
The Numbers Page: 259
Infrared Sensor Test Page: 259
Infrared LED Test Page: 261
Phototransistor Test Page: 261
Logic Test Page: 262
Options Page: 262
Quick Facts About Transmissive Optical Sensors Page: 263
Better Slots Page: 263
Proof of Concept Page: 263
The Schematic Page: 265
The Breadboard Page: 266
The Slot Box Page: 267
Chapter 32. Experiment 32: Enhancing Ovid Page: 271
The Logic Option Page: 271
Switching It Around Page: 272
Magnetic Issues Page: 273
Make Even More: Microcontrolling It Page: 274
Chapter 33. Experiment 33: Reading Rotation Page: 277
Defining a Rotational Encoder Page: 277
Specification Page: 278
The Pulse Train Page: 278
Warning: Mediocre Encoders Page: 279
Inside the Encoder Page: 279
Encoder Usage Page: 279
It Can Be Random Page: 280
Rotational Decider Page: 281
Rotational Equivocator Page: 282
Seriously Random Page: 284
Chapter 34. Experiment 34: Ambient Sensing Page: 285
One Timer Controlling Another Page: 285
Temperature Control Page: 286
Random Factors Page: 287
Automating the Randomizing Circuit Page: 287
Background: Lower Counting Page: 288
Speed Adjustment Page: 289
Quick Facts About Thermistors Page: 290
Making a Thermistor More Random Page: 290
Humidity Sensor Page: 290
Humidity Control Page: 291
Accelerometer Page: 291
Touch Sensor Page: 291
Empirical Issues Page: 292
How Random Is Random? Page: 293
Chapter 35. Experiment 35: The LFSR Page: 295
Getting to Know Your LFSR Page: 295
Quick Facts About a LFSR Page: 297
Bit-Shifting in Closeup Page: 297
The Problem with Zeroes Page: 298
The Need to Be Nonrepeating Page: 299
Warning: XNOR Idiosyncracies Page: 301
Running the Test Page: 302
Ones and Zeroes Page: 303
The Problem of Weighting Page: 304
Skipping 254 Page: 304
Sharing the Clock Input Page: 305
Any Other Options? Page: 306
Seeding Page: 306
Make Even More: Other Games and Other Numbers Page: 306
Make Even More: Microcontroller Randomicity Page: 308
Chapter 36. Experiment 36: The One-Person Paranormal Paradigm Page: 311
The Last Logic Diagrams Page: 311
Looking at Part 2 Page: 312
Input Logic Page: 313
The Ready Signal Page: 313
Random Seeding Page: 314
Two More XORs Page: 314
Timing is Everything Page: 315
Making Every Guess Count Page: 316
Schematic Part 2 Page: 317
Testing the Tester Page: 319
How Unlikely Is ESP? Page: 319
Powers of the Triangle Page: 320
John Walker’s Probabilities Page: 321
Chapter 37. Is That All? Page: 323
Appendix A. Bibliography Page: 325
Appendix B. Shopping for Parts Page: 327
The Kit Option Page: 327
Sources Page: 327
Generic Components Page: 328
Resistors Page: 328
Capacitors Page: 329
LEDs Page: 330
LEDs with internal resistor Page: 330
Warning: Series Resistors Page: 331
Chip Family Basics Page: 331
Transistors Page: 332
Switches Page: 332
Power Supply, Breadboards, and Wiring Page: 333
Minimum Shopping: Experiments 1 Through 14 Page: 333
Minimum Shopping: Experiments 15 Through 25 Page: 334
Minimum Shopping: Experiments 26 Through 36 Page: 335
Moderate Shopping: Experiments 1 Through 14 Page: 336
Moderate Shopping: Experiments 15 Through 25 Page: 337
Moderate Shopping: Experiments 26 Through 36 Page: 338
Maximum Shopping, Experiments 1 Through 14 Page: 339
Maximum Shopping: Experiments 15 Through 25 Page: 341
Maximum Shopping: Experiments 26 Through 36 Page: 342
Incremental Shopping Page: 343
Experiment 1 Page: 343
Experiment 2 Page: 343
Experiment 3 Page: 343
Experiment 4 Page: 344
Experiment 5 Page: 344
Experiment 6 Page: 344
Experiment 7 Page: 344
Experiment 8 Page: 344
Experiment 9 Page: 345
Experiment 10 Page: 345
Experiment 11 Page: 345
Experiment 12 Page: 345
Experiment 13 Page: 345
Experiment 14 Page: 346
Experiment 15 Page: 346
Experiment 16 Page: 346
Experiment 17 Page: 346
Experiment 18 Page: 346
Experiment 19 Page: 347
Experiment 20 Page: 347
Experiment 21 Page: 347
Experiment 22 Page: 347
Experiment 23 Page: 347
Experiment 24 Page: 348
Experiment 25 Page: 348
Experiment 26 Page: 348
Experiment 27 Page: 348
Experiment 28 Page: 348
Experiment 29 Page: 349
Experiment 30 Page: 349
Experiment 31 Page: 349
Experiment 32 Page: 349
Experiment 33 Page: 349
Experiment 34 Page: 350
Experiment 35 Page: 350
Experiment 36 Page: 350
Index Page: 351
About the Author Page: 358