Table Of ContentSpringer Geology
Mingguo Zhai
Yue Zhao
Taiping Zhao Editors
Main Tectonic
Events and
Metallogeny of the
North China Craton
Springer Geology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10172
Mingguo Zhai Yue Zhao
(cid:129)
Taiping Zhao
Editors
Main Tectonic Events
and Metallogeny of the North
China Craton
123
Editors
Mingguo Zhai TaipingZhao
Institute of Geology andGeophysics GuangzhouInstitute of Geochemistry
ChineseAcademy of Sciences ChineseAcademy of Sciences
Beijing Guangzhou
China China
Yue Zhao
Institute of Geomechanics
ChineseAcademy of Geological Sciences
Beijing
China
ISSN 2197-9545 ISSN 2197-9553 (electronic)
SpringerGeology
ISBN978-981-10-1063-7 ISBN978-981-10-1064-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1064-4
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Contents
1 Corresponding Main Metallogenic Epochs to Key Geological Events
in the North China Craton: An Example for Secular Changes
in the Evolving Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mingguo Zhai and Xiyan Zhu
Part I Archean Crustal Growth and Metallogeny
2 Archean Continental Crust in the Southern North China Craton . . . . . . . . 29
Chunrong Diwu, Chengli Zhang, and Yong Sun
3 Structural Architecture and Spatial-Temporal Distribution
of the Archean Domains in the Eastern North China Craton . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Peng Peng
4 Formation Ages and Environments of Early Precambrian Banded
Iron Formation in the North China Craton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Yu-Yheng Wan, Dun-Yi Liu, Hang-Qiang Xie, Alfred Kröner, Peng Ren,
Shou-Jie Liu, Shi-Wen Xie, Chun-Yan Dong, and Ming-Zhu Ma
5 Neoarchean Banded Iron Formations in the North China Craton:
Geology, Geochemistry, and Its Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Lianchang Zhang, Changle Wang, Mingtian Zhu, Hua Huang, and Zidong Peng
6 Archean Continental Crustal Accretion and Banded Iron Formations,
Southeastern North China Craton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Xiaoyong Yang and Lei Liu
Part II Paleoproterozoic Rifting-Subduction-Collision
7 Paleoproterozoic Gneissic Granites in the Liaoji Mobile Belt,
North China Craton: Implications for Tectonic Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Mingchun Yang, Bin Chen, and Cong Yan
8 Genetic Mechanism and Metamorphic Evolution of Khondalite Series
Within the Paleoproterozoic Mobile Belts, North China Craton . . . . . . . . . 181
Fu-Lai Liu, Ping-Hua Liu, and Jia Cai
9 Paleoproterozoic Copper System in the Zhongtiaoshan Region,
Southern Margin of the North China Craton: Ore Geology,
Fluid Inclusion, and Isotopic Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Yuhang Jiang, Yan Zhao, and Hecai Niu
10 The Paleoproterozoic Continental Evolution in the Southern
North China Craton: Constrains from Magmatism and Sedimentation . . . . 251
Yanyan Zhou, Qianying Sun, Taiping Zhao, and Chunrong Diwu
v
vi Contents
Part III Great Oxidation Event
11 The Great Oxidation Event and Its Records in North China Craton. . . . . . 281
Yanjing Chen and Haoshu Tang
12 Early Paleoproterozoic Metallogenic Explosion in North China Craton. . . . 305
Haoshu Tang, Yanjing Chen, Kaiyue Li, Weiyu Chen, Xiaoqing Zhu,
Kunyue Ling, and Xiaohui Sun
13 A Genetic Link Between Paleoproterozoic Yuanjiacun BIF
and the Great Oxidation Event in North China Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Changle Wang and Lianchang Zhang
Part IV Meso-Neoproterozoic Multiple Rifting and Metallogeny
14 Magmatic Records of the Late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic
Extensional and Rifting Events in the North China Craton:
A Preliminary Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Shuan-Hong Zhang and Yue Zhao
15 Meso-Neoproterozoic Stratigraphic and Tectonic Framework
of the North China Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Jianmin Hu, Zhenhong Li, Wangbin Gong, Guohui Hu, and Xiaopeng Dong
16 Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of the Late Paleoproterozoic
to Early Mesoproterozoic (~1.80–1.53 Ga) A-Type Granites
in the Southern Margin of the North China Craton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Taiping Zhao and Xiaoqin Deng
17 Insights into the Ore Genesis of the Giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe
Deposit and the Mesoproterozoic Rifting Events in the Northern
North China Craton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Kui-Feng Yang, Hong-Rui Fan, Fang-Fang Hu, Shuang Liu, and Kai-Yi Wang
Part V Phanerozoic Reworking of the North China Craton
and Metallogeny
18 Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Tectonics of North China Craton . . . . . . . . . . 453
Yue Zhao, Mingguo Zhai, and Shuan-Hong Zhang
19 Two-Stage Extensional Pattern in the North China–Mongolian Tract
During Late Mesozoic: Insights from the Spatial and Temporal
Distribution of Magmatic Domes and Metamorphic Core Complexes . . . . . 467
Xiaohui Zhang and Lingling Yuan
20 Mesozoic Mo Deposits in Northern North China Craton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Yanjing Chen
21 Late Mesozoic Gold Mineralization in the North China Craton . . . . . . . . . 511
Hong-Rui Fan, Mingguo Zhai, Kui-Feng Yang, and Fang-Fang Hu
22 Lower Crustal Accretion and Reworking Beneath
the North China Craton: Evidences from Granulite Xenoliths . . . . . . . . . . 527
Jianping Zheng, Ying Wei, Xianquan Ping, Huayun Tang, Yuping Su,
Yilong Li, Zhiyong Li, and Bing Xia
About the Editors
Mingguo Zhai is Research Professor at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences; Professor at Northwest University (China); Guest Professor at the
UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciencesandJilinUniversity,andVisitingChairProfessor
at Sun Yat-Sen University. He received his B.Sc. (1976) from Northwest University (China),
and his M.Sc. (1982) and Ph.D. (1989) from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was
electedmemberoftheChineseAcademyofSciences(Academician)in2009.Hisprofessional
fieldscoverPrecambriangeology,metamorphicgeology,andpetrology.Hisresearchfocusis
on early crustal evolution, continental geodynamics and metallogeny.
YueZhao isResearchProfessorandVice-DirectoroftheInstituteofGeomechanics,Chinese
Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing. He earned Bachelor’s degree in Geology from
Changchun College of Geology in 1982 and MS degree in Structural Geology and Tectonics
from the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in 1986. His research interests include
structuralandtectonicevolutionofEastAsian andtheEastAntarctica.He firstproposedthat
the Jurassic deformations in northern North China Craton is related to geotectonics transition
from Paleoasian system and Paleotethyan system toPaleopacific active continental margin of
easternAsia.HeisalsothefirstoneexplainedthemeaningofthePan-AfricaneventsinPrydz
Bay, East Antarctica, and its inference on East Gondwana tectonics.
Taiping Zhao is Research Professor at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences. His research interests include magmatism and related ore-forming
processes. He has been focused on the study of the igneous rocks and related ore deposits in
NorthChinaCratonandEastQinling–Dabieorogenicbeltinthelasttwodecades.Hiscurrent
researches mainly include two aspects, major Precambrian geological events and related
ore-formingprocessesonthesouthernmarginoftheNorthChinacraton,andthepetrogenesis
and tectonic settings of the Mesozoic granitoids and metallogeny of the associated Mo–Au–
Ag–Pb–Zn ore deposits on the southern margin of the North China Craton.
vii
1
Corresponding Main Metallogenic Epochs
to Key Geological Events in the North China
Craton: An Example for Secular Changes
in the Evolving Earth
Mingguo Zhai and Xiyan Zhu
Abstract
Precambrian period is an oldest and longest eon from 545 Ma to about 4500 Ma, taking
over *90 %oftheEarth’shistory.The80–90 %continentalcrustintheEarthgeneratedin
Precambrianandrecordscomplicatedgeotectonicprocesses.Themostimportantgeological
events in Precambrian tectonic evolution include Neoarchean enormous crustal growth,
tectonicregime inversion from pre-plate tectonics toplate tectonics,and Great Oxidention
Event(GOE)inPaleoproterozoic.TheNorthChinaCraton(NCC)isoneofoldestcratonsin
theworldandrecordsalmostalltheimportantgeologicaleventsoccurredinothercratonsof
the Earth. The NCC also demonstrates some special characteristics, such as multi-stage
cratonization, Paleoproterozoic rift–subduction–collision event, Earth’s paleo-climate and
paleo-environment change, and Late Paleoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic multi-stage rifting
event. Theseimportant geological events controlled mineralizationwithtectonic evolution
andformedvariousandabundantoredepositsintheNCC.Here,wesummarizegeological
events and metallogenic systems of the NCC and conclude that from Early Precambrian
through Late Precambrian to Paleozoic and Mesozoic, the NCC records a transition from
primitive-tomodern-styleplatetectonics.TheNCCwentthroughfivemajortectoniccycles:
(1) the Neoarchean crustal growth and stabilization, (2) Paleoproterozoic rifting–subduc-
tion–accretion–collision with imprints of the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), (3) Late
Paleoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic multi-stage rifting, (4) Paleozoic orogenesis at the
margins of the craton; and (5) Mesozoic extensional tectonics associated with lithosphere
thinning and decratonization. Coinciding with these major geological events, five major
metallogenicsystemsareidentifiedasfollows:(1)ArcheanBIFsystem,(2)Paleoproterozoic
Cu–Pb–ZnandMg-Bsystems,(3)MesoproterozoicREE–Fe–Pb–Znsystem,(4)Paleozoic
orogenic Cu-Mo system, and (5) Mesozoic intracontinental Au and Ag–Pb–Zn and Mo
systems. The ore deposit types in each of these metallogenic systems show distinct
characteristicsandtectonicaffinities.TheNCCprovidesoneofthebestexamplestoaddress
secular changes in geological history and metallogenic epochs in the evolving Earth. This
regularpatternissuitabletoothercontinentblocksintheworld,whichrevealscoevolution
and irreversiblecharacterofEarth system onmaterial, structure, and environment.
Keywords (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Geological events Metallogenic epochs North China Craton Evolving earth
M.Zhai(&)
InstituteofGeologyandGeophysics,ChineseAcademy
ofSciences,Beijing,China
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Zhai(cid:1)X.Zhu
StateKeyLaboratoryofGeodynamics,NorthwestUniversity,
Xian,Shaanxi,China
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016 1
M.Zhaietal.(eds.),MainTectonicEventsandMetallogenyoftheNorthChinaCraton,
SpringerGeology,DOI10.1007/978-981-10-1064-4_1
2 M.ZhaiandX.Zhu
Fig.1.1 aChinesemapofregionalgeologicalunits(modifiedfromRen1989);bsketchmapshowingearlyPrecambrianrocksintheNCC
1.1 Introduction The Chinese Continent consists of several cratons and
surrounding orogenic belts (folded belts). Figure 1.1a is a
The present continents went through long and complicated Chineseregionaltectonicmap(afterHuangetal.1980;Ren
evolving histories, although they all are consisted of two 1989; Zhai 2013). The North China Block consists of the
fundamentallitho-tectonicunits,i.e.,Precambriancratonand Precambrianmetamorphicbasement,LatePaleoproterozoic–
Phanorozoicorogenicbelt.Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthat Paleozoic sedimentary cover, and Mesozoic intrusives. It is
thePrecambrian Era,from ca.4.56–0.545 Ga covers almost traditionally termed as the North China Craton or Sino-
90 %ofthisplanet’shistoryand60–80 %ofthevolumeof Korea Craton. The North China Craton (NCC) covers over
crustal rocks were generated in the Archean (Brown 1979; 300,000 km2 (Fig. 1.1b). Although a relatively small craton
Dewey and Windley 1981; Mclennan and Taylor 1983; amongthemajorArcheancratonsontheglobe,theNCChas
Goodwin 1991). The Archean super-craton was probably attracted considerable attention in terms of its complex
similar in scale to the Phanerozoic Supercontinent Pangea evolutionary history during the Precambrian and Phanero-
(Rogers and Santosh 2003), but our knowledge of this zoic,withthepreservationofsomeoftheoldestrockrecords
segment of the early Earth history remains elusive. Surface ranging up to *3.8 Ga, and also because of its abundant
processes and mantle dynamics as we observe today were mineral resources (Cheng 1994; Zhai 2010; Fig. 1.1b).
probably different in the past and several questions have The crustal growth and stabilizationoftheNCC relate to
been raised including why the oldest rock is felsic orthog- three major geological events in the Precambrian.
neiss,whatthemechanismsofthegrowthanddestructionof
continental crust are, and when modern-style plate tectonics 1. Amajorphaseofcontinentalgrowthatca.2.7 Ga,andthe
started operating on our globe. Precambrian terranes offer amalgamation of micro-blocks and cratonization at ca.
important clues to answer some of these problems. 2.5 Ga: The major period of continental growth during
Recently, author and others (Zhai and Santosh 2011, 2.9–2.7 GaintheNCCcorrelateswiththeglobalgrowth
2013; Zhai 2014; Zhai et al. 2015) summarized three key of the Earth’s crust recognized from other regions. The
geological events in Earth’s evolving history as follows: enormous volume of tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
(TTG) rocks and associated komatiite-bearing magmatic
1. Archean big-scale crustal growth and stabilization, indi- suites developed during this period possibly suggest the
cating lithosphere formation and crust–mantle coupling. manifestationofplumetectonics.Thecratonizationofthe
2. Important tectonic mechanism transition from pre- NCC at the end of Neoarchean at ca. 2.5 Ga (Archean–
through primitive- to modern-style plate tectonics. Proterozoic boundary) through the amalgamation of
3. Earth’s geological environment changes from oxygen micro-blocks was accompanied by granulite facies
poor to oxygen enrichment. metamorphism and voluminous intrusion of crustally
derived granitic melts leading to the construction of the
Metallogeny,asspecificmaterialevolutionrecord,shows basic tectonic framework of theNCC.
clearcharacteristicsofepoch-explosionandnonrepeatability 2. Paleoproterozoic rifting and subduction–accretion–colli-
corresponding to continental evolution. sion tectonics during ca. 1.95–1.82 Ga (The Hutuo
