Table Of ContentMagnetohydrodynamics
FLUID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Volume 80
Series Editor:R. MOREAU
MADYLAM
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Hydraulique de Grenoble
Boîte Postale 95
38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
Aims and Scope of the Series
The purpose of this series is to focus on subjects in which fluid mechanics plays a
fundamental role.
As well as the more traditional applications of aeronautics, hydraulics, heat and
mass transfer etc., books will be published dealing with topics which are currently
in a state of rapid development, such as turbulence, suspensions and multiphase
fluids, super and hypersonic flows and numerical modelling techniques.
It is a widely held view that it is the interdisciplinary subjects that will receive intense
scientific attention, bringing them to the forefront of technological advancement.
Fluids have the ability to transport matter and its properties as well as transmit force,
therefore fluid mechanics is a subject that is particulary open to cross fertilisation
with other sciences and disciplines of engineering. The subject of fluid mechanics
will be highly relevant in domains such as chemical, metallurgical, biological and
ecological engineering. This series is particularly open to such new multidisciplinary
domains.
The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts are
monographs defining the current state of a field; others are accessible to final year
undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
For a list of related mechanics titles, see final pages.
Magnetohydrodynamics
Historical Evolution and Trends
by
S. MOLOKOV
Coventry University
UK
R. MOREAU
EPM-MADYLAM
St Martin d’Hères
France
and
H.K. MOFFATT
University of Cambridge
UK
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-4832-6 (HB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-4833-3 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
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nationally funded research activities. COST creates scientific networks and enables scientists
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© 2007 Springer
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Contents
Part I Dynamo, Astrophysics, and Plasmas
How MHD Transformed the Theory of Geomagnetism
Paul Roberts .................................................... 3
Early Magnetohydrodynamic Research in Stockholm
Bo Lehnert...................................................... 27
Dynamo Experiments
Agris Gailitis, Olgerts Lielausis, Gunter Gerbeth, and Frank Stefani .... 37
Mean-Field Dynamo Theory: Early Ideas and Today’s
Problems
Karl-Heinz Rädler ............................................... 55
Astrophysical MHD: The Early Years
Leon Mestel ..................................................... 73
Turbulence and Magnetic Fields in Astrophysical Plasmas
Alexander A Schekochihin and Steven C Cowley ..................... 85
Transient Pinched Plasmas and Strong Hydromagnetic Waves
John E Allen ....................................................117
Part II High Magnetic Fields
Early Years of MHD at Cambridge University Engineering
Department
Martin Cowley ..................................................131
vi Contents
Julius Hartmann and His Followers: A Review
on the Properties of the Hartmann Layer
René Moreau and Sergei Molokov ..................................155
Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics for Fusion Blankets
Leo Bühler ......................................................171
Geostrophic Versus MHD Models
Thierry Alboussière ..............................................195
Part III Turbulence
The Birth and Adolescence of MHD Turbulence
Keith Moffatt....................................................213
How Analogous is Generation of Vorticity and Passive Vectors
(Magnetic Fields)?
Arkady Tsinober .................................................223
MHD Turbulence at Low Magnetic Reynolds Number:
Present Understanding and Future Needs
René Moreau, Andre Thess, and Arkady Tsinober ....................231
Modelling of MHD Turbulence
Bernard Knaepen, Olivier Debliquy, and Daniele Carati...............247
The Growth of Magnetohydrodynamics in Latvia and Israel
Herman Branover................................................263
Velocity Measurement Techniques for Liquid Metal Flows
Sven Eckert, Andreas Cramer, and Gunter Gerbeth...................275
Flow Control and Propulsion in Poor Conductors
Tom Weier, Victor Shatrov, and Gunter Gerbeth.....................295
Part IV Electromagnetic Processing of Materials
Overview of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials
Shigeo Asai .....................................................315
Applications of High Magnetic Fields
in Materials Processing
Hideyuki Yasuda.................................................329
Effect of AC Magnetic Fields on Free Surfaces
Yves Fautrelle, Alfred Sneyd, and Jacqueline Etay....................345
Contents vii
Numerical Modelling for Electromagnetic Processing
of Materials
Valdis Bojarevics and Koulis Pericleous.............................357
Magnetic Fields in Semiconductor Crystal Growth
Hiroyuki Ozoe, Janusz S Szmyd, and Toshio Tagawa..................375
An Outline of Magnetoelectrochemistry
Antoine Alemany and Jean-Paul Chopart ...........................391
Preface
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is concerned with the flow of electrically
conducting fluids in the presence of magnetic fields, either externally applied
orgeneratedwithinthe fluidby inductive action.Its origindatesbacktopio-
neeringdiscoveriesofNorthrup,Hartmann,Alfvén,andothersinthefirsthalf
of the twentieth century. After 1950, the subject developed rapidly, and soon
became well established as a field of scientific endeavour of great importance
in various contexts: geomagnetism and planetary magnetism, astrophysics,
nuclear fusion (plasma) physics, and liquid metal technology.
This volume surveys both the historicalevolutionof the field and some of
the current trends. It is based on a workshop on the History of MHD organ-
ised at Coventry University, UK, 26–28 May 2004, by the working group on
“HighMagneticFields” withintheEuropeannetwork“Magnetofluiddynamics”
(COST Action P6). It contains contributions by the workshop participants,
supplemented by several additional invited papers in order to provide more
comprehensivecoverageofthe recenttrends.It also includes reminiscences of
scientists who worked during the period of pioneering discoveries in the field
(1950s and 1960s), together with photos of at least some of the pioneers of
the subject.
Topics covered in this volume include dynamo theory and experiment,
astrophysics, plasmas, high magnetic fields, turbulence, and electromagnetic
processing of materials. Other topics such as magnetoconvection, magnetic
reconnection, and tokamak plasmas are not included, simply because to do
justicetotheseimportanttopicswouldhaverequiredabookofunmanageable
proportions.
Judgingbythevitalityofthefieldasevidencedbythisvolume,webelieve
that MHD still poses challenges of great fundamental, as well as practical,
importance, and that the prospects for its continuing vitality are bright.
We gratefully acknowledge the willing cooperation of all participants
of the workshop and contributors to this volume, the financial support of
the European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research
(COST),thehelpofSvetlanaAleksandrovainorganisingtheevent,theadvice
x Preface
ofLeoBühleronthe sometimespainfulprocessofconversionbetweenvarious
pieces of software, and last but by no means least, the patience and under-
standing of the publishers (Springer).
Coventry, Grenoble, Cambridge The Editors
January 2006
Part I
Dynamo, Astrophysics, and Plasmas
