Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory Plasmas

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Geophysical Monograph 30
Magnetic Reconnection
in Space and Laboratory
Plasmas
Edward W. Hones, Jr.
Editor
American Geophysical Union
Washington, D.C.
Published under the aegis of the AGU
Geophysical Monograph Board:
Sean Solomon, Chairman; Francis Boyd,
Merle Henderschott, Janet Luhmann,
James Papike, and John Schaake, members.
Magnetic Reconnect ion
in Space and Laboratory Plasmas
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Magnetic reconnection in space and laboratory plasmas.
(Geophysical monograph ; 30)
Papers presented at a Chapman Conference on Magnetic
Reconnection, held at Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Oct. 3-7, 1983.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Magnetic reconnection--Congresses. 2. Space
plasmas--Congresses. 3. Plasma (Ionized gases)--
Congresses. 4. Magnetosphere--Congresses. I. Hones,
Edward W. II. American Geophysical Union. III. Chapman
Conference on Magnetic Reconnection (1983 : Los Alamos
National Laboratory) IV. Series.
QC809.P5M25 1984 538'. 766 84-6376
ISBN 0-87590-058-5
ISSN 0065-8448
Copyright 1984 by the American Geophysical Union,
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Printed in the United States of
Ronald G. Giovane!li 1915-1984
"Duringth eg rowtohf a sunspotht,e rem usbt ee lectrfiice lds
induceindi tsn eighborhoodA..p. arftr oma genermal agnetfiice ld,
fieldsfr omo thers unspotms ays tillb e of appreciabsleiz ei n the
neighborhooof tdh es pout ndecr onsideratiIot ins.t husto b e
expectethda tt herew illb ep lacewsh eraec tuanle utraplo intesx ist
and where conditionsa re thus suitablef or the exaltationo f atoms
byc ollisioRn..G" .G iovaneNllai,t ure1,5 8,8 1, 1946.
HISTORICAL NOTE
A fundamentalf eature of plasmasis the interplayo f [Giovanelli,! 946] that the flare opticale missionis from
energyfo rmsth atc ano ccuwr ithinth emb, etweetnh ee nergy atomst hat are excitedb y electronsa ccelerateidn induced
of fields on one hand and the kinetic or thermal energy of electricf ieldsn ear neutral pointsi n the evolvingm agnetic
particleosn theo ther.T he origino f thec onceptth atw en ow fieldso f sunspotsIn. two subsequenpta pers[ Giovanelli,
callm agnetirce connectio(onr magnetifcie ldl inem erging 1947, 1948]h e elaboratedu pon thist heory,r eportingd e-
or magnetifcie lda nnihilationlie) sin ana ttempbt yR onald tailed calculationso f currentsa nd fieldsi n sunspotsa nd of
G. Giovanelltio explains olarf laresi n termso f sucha n electron acceleration and atomic excitation in the sunspot
interplayG. iovanewllia sa membeorf theD ivisioonf Physics environment.
of the Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Giovanellir emained with CSIRO throughout his career.
Research(l ater namedt he CommonwealtShc ientifica nd He wasp rimarilayn e xperimentpahl ysicibsut th isc ontinued
Industrial ResearchO rganization( CSIRO)) in Sydney, interesitn studyingfl aresa nd others olarp henomenlae d
Australia.H e had becomea n experiencedo bserveor f the himt o a numbero f technologicaanl di nstrumentadle velop-
suna nd flares,w orkinga t the Mt. StromloO bservatoriny mentsfo r improveds olaro bservingH.e wasv erya ctivein
the international solar research community,
CanberraN. earlyf our decadeasg oh e advancead theory
over 100 papers on solar physicsa nd instrumentation. He stepi n the applicationto whatw asl ater calledt he 'magneto-
was named a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science sphere'... Figure1 of my CitationC lassipc aper[ Dungey,
in 1962. He was largely responsiblef or establishingt he 1961]i s one of the magnetospherdicia gramso f my thesis,
Astronomical Society of Australia in 1966 and served as though it was never previouslyp ublished... One reason
its presidentf rom 1968 to 1971. He wasp residento f Com- againstp ublishingw as the rejectiono f my reconnection
mission 12 (Radiation and Structure of the Solar Atmo- paper by the Royal AstronomicaSl ocietyt, hough it was
sphere)o f the International AstronomicalU nion from 1973 publishedin the PhilosophicMaal gazine[D ungey,1 953] ...
to 1976. He travelleda broad frequentlya nd made extended Initially,t he reconnectiomno dels eemsto haveb eenr egard-
visitst o severalo bservatoriesi,n cluding those at Kitt Peak, ed asa n entertainingf iction,b ut a predictionw ass uccessful
Sacramento Peak, Arcetri and Freiburg. In 19/58 he was anda controversdye velopedI. wase nlightenedb y someone
namedh eado f the Divisiono f Physicsa t CSIRO, a position whow asp lanningto makea moviea boutt he magnetosphere
he held until 1974. He retired from CSIRO in 1976 but and had visitedm osto f the expertsH. e told me peopleg et
continued to serve as a researchf ellow there. After a pro- very emotional about reconnection. ... Reconnection re-
longed illnessh e died in Sydney on January 27, 1984 at mainedo ut of favor throughoutt he 1970s,b ut improved
the age of 69. Just before his death he completeda book, observationws ith the InternationalS un-EarthE xplorers
Secretosf theS un,t hat will be publishedb y Cambridge Uni- swung opinion the other way."
versity Press.
The storyo f how Giovanelli'so riginal idea began its evo- References
lution toward our present view of magnetic reconnection
is not widely known and should be of interest particularly Dungey, J. w., Conditions for the occurrenceo f' electrical
to magnetospherics cientistsI.n 1947 Giovanelli submitted dischargesi n astrophysicasl ystemsP, hil. Mag., 44, 725,
his paperst o the Australian National Universityi n Canberra 1953.
in partial fulfillment of the requirementsf or a Doctor of Dungey,J . w., Interplanetary magneticf ield and the auroral
Scienced egree. Fred Hoyle, of Cambridge University, zones,P hys.R ev. Lett., 6, 47, 1961.
chosen as Giovanelli's external examiner, became interested Dungey, J. W., Citation classicc, ommentary on Phys.R ev.
in his neutral point theory and suggesteda n interesting Lett.,6 , 4 7, 1961, in CurrentC ontentsP,h ysicaCl hemicaaln d
variationo f it. He proposedt hatt he primary auroral particles Earth SciencesV,o l. 23, Number 49, page 20, December 5,
that bonabardth e Earth's polar atmospherea re accelerated 1983.
at neutral pointsi n the combinationo f an interplanetary Giovanelli, R. G., A theory of chromosphericf lares, Nature,
field and the geomagnetic field [Hoyle, 1949]. In 1947 158, 81, 1946.
Hoyle askedh iss tudent,J amesD ungey,f or hist hesisp roject, Giovanelli, R. G., Magnetic and electric phenomena in the
to developG iovanelli'si dea about the importanceo f neutral sun'sa tmospherea ssociatedw ith sunspotsM, on. Not. Roy.
points and to apply it to the aurorae. Dungey [ 1983] has Ast. Soc., 107, 338, 1947.
recordedi nterestingr ecollectionos f that period and ensuing Giovanelli,R . G., ChromosphericF lares,M on. Not. Roy.A st.
events. "Giovanelli was in Sydney and, during my post- Soc., 108, 163, 1948.
doctoralf ellowshipt here, he wase xtremely kind to me both Hoyle, F., Magnetic storms and aurorae, in SomeR ecent
in my work and generally. My thesisi n 1950 containedt he Researcheins S' olarP hysicsp, . 102-104, Cambridge Univer-
essentiaol f what I later called' reconnection'a nd one major sity Press,
CONTENTS
HISTORICAL NOTE iii
PREFACE xi
THEORY OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
MAGNETIC FIELD RECONNECTION
W. I. Axford
SPONTANEOUS RECONNECTION
K o Schindler
FAST SPONTANEOUS RECONNECTION BY THE RESISTIVELY COUPLED
RADIATIVE INSTABILITY
R. S. Steinolfson and G. Van Hoven 2O
STEADY STATE ASPECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINE MERGING
Vytenis M. Vasyliunas 25
MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AND MAGNETIC ACTIVITY
E. No Parker 32
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FOR AN OPEN MAGNETOSPHERE
Walter J. Heikkila 39
QUASILINEAR EVOLUTION OF TEARING MODES DURING MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
W. Horton, T. Tajima, and Ricardo Galv(cid:127)o 45
GLOBAL SINGLE ION EFFECTS WITHIN THE EARTH' S PLASMA SHEET
Paul L. Rothwell and G. Kenneth Yates 51
MAGNETIC RECONNECTIONA ND ANOMALOUST RANSPORTP ROCESSES( A)
J. F. Drake 61
COMPARISON OF AN ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION FOR PARTICLE MOTION
IN A CURRENTS HEET WITH PRECISE NUMERICALC ALCULATIONS( A)
To W. Speiser and L. R. Lyons 62
RECONNECTION IN ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS
MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AT THE SUN
El R. Priest 63
MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN COMETS
Malcolm B. Niedner, Jr. 79
RECONNECTIONIN THE JOVIAN MAGNETOSPHER(EA )
A. Nishida 90
FINE-SCALE STRUCTUREO F THE JOVIAN MAGNETOTAILC URRENTS HEET (A)
K. W. Behannon 91
RECONNECTION AT EARTH'S MAGNETOPAUSE
MAGNETIC FIELD RECONNECTION AT THE MAGNETOPAUSE: AN OVERVIEW
B. U. (cid:127). Sonnerup 92
EVIDENCE OF MAGNETIC MERGING FROM LOW-ALTITUDE SPACECRAFT
AND GROUND-BASED EXPERIMENTS
Patricia H. Reiff 104
PLASMA AND PARTICLE OBSERVATIONS AT THE MAGNETOPAUSE:
IMPLICATIONS FOR RECONNECTION
G6tz Paschmann 114
RECONNECTION AT THE EARTH'S MAGNETOPAUSE: MAGNETIC FIELD
OBSERVATIONS AND FLUX TRANSFER EVENTS
C. T. Russell 124
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF FLUX TRANSFER EVENTS OBSERVED
AT THE DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE
R. Po Rijnbeek, S. W. H. Cowley, D. J. Southwood, and
C. T. Russell 139
A DUAL-SATELLITE STUDY OF THE SPATIAL PROPERTIES OF FTEs
M. A. Saunders, C. T. Russell, and N. Sckopke 145
THE RELATION OF FLUX TRANSFERE VENTS TO MAGNETIC RECONNECTION( A)
J. Dø Scudder, K. W. Ogilvie, and C. T. Russell 153
J. Berchem and C. T. Russell 154
SURVEYO F ION DISTRIBUTIONS IN FLUX TRANSFERE VENTS (A)
P. W. Daly, M. A. Saunders, R. P. Rijnbeek, N. Sckopke,
and E. Keppler 155
PATTERdS OF MAGNETIC FIELD MERGING SITES ON THE MAGNETOPAUSE(A )
J. G. Luhmann, R. J. Walker, C. T. Russell, N. U. Crooker,
J. R. Spreiter, and S. S. Stahara 156
ISEE-3 PLASMA ME(cid:127)SUREMENTSI N THE LOBES OF THE DISTANT GEOMAGNETIC
TAIL: I(cid:127)FERENCES CONCERNING RECONNECTION AT THE DAYSIDE
MAGNETOPAUS(EA )
J. T. Gosling 157
RECONNECTION IN EARTH'S MAGNETOTAIL
RECONNECTION IN EARTH' S MAGNETOTAIL: AN OVERVIEW
A. Nishida 159
MAGNETOTAIL ENERGY STORAGE AND THE VARIABILITY OF THE
MAGNETOTAIL CURRENT SHEET
D. H. Fairfield 168
PLASMA SHEET BEHAVIOR DURING SUBSTORMS
Edward W. Hones, Jr. 178
STRF(cid:127)NG ENERGETIC ELECTRONS IN RECONNECTION EVENTS
John W. Bieber 185
PARTICLE AND FIELD SIGNATURES OF SUBSTORMS IN THE NEAR MAGNETOTAIL
Do No Baker 193
IMPLICATIONSO F THE 1100 UT MARCH2 2, 1979, CDAW6 SUBSTOREMV ENT
FOR THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTIONI N THE GEOMAGNETICT AIL
T. A. Fritz, D. N. Baker, R. L. McPherron, and
W. Lennartsson 203
SUBSTORME LECTRIC FIELDS IN THE EARTH' S MAGNETOTAIL
C. A. Cattell and F. S. Mozer 208
ENERGETIC IONS AND ELECTRONS AND THEIR ACCELERATION PROCESSES
IN THE MAGNETOTAIL
Finnfred Scholer 216
THE DISTANT GEOMAGNETIC TAIL IN THEORY AND OBSERVATION
S. W. H. Cowley 228
ISEE 3 MAGNETIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN THE MAGNETOTAIL:
IMPLICATIONS FOR RECONNECTION
G. L. Siscoe, D. G. Sibeck, J. A. Slavin, E. J. Smith,
B. T. Tsurutani, and D. E. Jones 240
BOUNDARY LAYERS OF THE EARTH'S OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE
T. E. Eastman and L. A. Frank 249
>35 keV ION OBSERVATIONSF ROM ISEE-3 IN THE DEEP TAIL (A)
P. W. Daly, T. R. Sanderson, and K.-P. Wenzel 263
COMPUTER MODELING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER MODELING OF DYNAMIC RECONNECTION IN THE
MAGNETOTAIL: PLASMOID SIGNATURES IN THE NEAR AND DISTANT TAIL
Joachim Birn 264
EXTEPdIALLY DRIVEN MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
Raymond J. Walker and Tetsuya Sato 272
COMPUTER MODELING OF FAST COLLISIONLESS RECONNECTION
J. N. Leboeuf, F. Brunel, T. Tajima, J. Sakai,
C. C. Wu, and J. M. Dawson 282
THE NONLINEAR TEARING MODE
G. Van Hoven and R. S. Steinolfson 292
ON THE CAUSE OF X-LINE FORMATION IN THE NEAR-EARTH PLASMA SHEET:
RF(cid:127)ULTS OF ADIABATIC CONVECTION OF PLASMA-SHEET PLASMA
G. M. Erickson 296
NUMERICALS IMULATION OF THE DAYSIDE RECONNECTION( A)
M. Hoshino and A. Nishida 303
COMMENTSO N SIMI3LATION OF ANOMALOUSR F(cid:127)ISTIVITY (A)
J. W. Dungey 304
LABORATORY PLASMAS
RECONNECTION DURING THE FORMATION OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS
Richard D. Milroy 3O5
DRIVEN MAGNETIC RECONNECTION DURING THE FORMATION OF A
TWO-CELL FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION
E. Sevillano and F. L. Ribe 313
RECONNECTION IN SPHEROMAK FORMATION AND SUSTAINMENT
James H. Hammer 319
THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION PHENOMENA IN THE
REVERSED-FIELD PINCH
D. A. Baker 332
RECONNECTION IN TOKAMAKS
V. K. Par(cid:127) 341
A PLASMOID RELEASE MECHANISM THAT COULD EXPLAIN THE SUBSTORM'S
IMPULSIVE EARTHWARD DIVERSION OF CROSS-TAIL CURRENT
A. Bratenahl and P. J. Baum 347
LABORATORYE XPERIMENTS ON CURRENTS HEET DISRUPTIONS, DOUBLEL AYERS,
TURBULENCEA ND RECONNECTION( A)
W. Gekelman and R. Stenzel 355
MAGNETICR ECONNECTIONIN DOUBLETS( A)
Torkil H. Jensen 356
APPRAISALS,U NANSWEREQDU ESTIONS,F UTURED IRECTIONS
SOME COMMENTSO N SOLAR RECONNECTIONP ROBLEMS
Ronald G. Giovanelli 357
DRIVEN AND NON-DRIVEN RECONNECTIONB; OUNDARYC ONDITIONS
W. I. Axford 360
COMMENTS ON NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
T. Sato 362
DEFINITION OF SPONTANEOUSR ECONNECTION
365
K. Schindler
ASTROPHYSICALI MPLICATIONS OF RECONNECTION
Jonathan Arons 366
VALIDITY OF THE PETSCHEK MODEL
369
D. Biskamp
SOLAR FLARES: AN EXTREMUMO F RECONNECTION
Stirling A. Colgate 372
EVIDENCEF OR THE OCCURRENCAEN D IMPORTANCOE F RECONNECTIOBNE TWEEN
THE EARTH'SM AGNETICF IELD ANDT HE INTERPLANETARMYA GNETICF IELD
So W. H. Cowley 375
NOW CONSIDER DIFFUSION
J. W. Dungey 379
DEFINITION OF A SUBSTORMP,H YSICALP ROCESSEINS A SUBSTORM
AND SOURCES OF DISCOMFORT
380
G. Rostoker
THE LAST WORDS
V. M. Vasyliunas