Magnetic Imaging and Its Applications to Materials

329 Pages·2001·5.158 MB·English

by  Marc De Graef and Yimei Zhu (Eds.)

ExperimentalMethodsinthe
PhysicalSciences
VOLUME 36
MAGNETIC IMAGING AND ITS
APPLICATIONS TO MATERIALS
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN
THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Robert Celotta and Thomas Lucatorto,EditorsinChief
FoundingEditors
L. MARTON
C. MARTON
Volume36
Magnetic Imaging and
Its Applications to
Materials
Editedby
Marc De Graef
DepartmentofMaterialsScience
andEngineering
CarnegieMellonUniversity
Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
Yimei Zhu
DepartmentofAppliedScience
BrookhavenNationalLaboratory
Upton,NewYork
SanDiego SanFrancisco NewYork Boston London Sydney Tokyo
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CONTENTS
C ..................................................... ix
V  S ................................................. xi
P ........................................................... xv
1. MicromagneticModelingof DomainStructures in Magnetic
Thin Films
by J-G Z
1.1. Introduction .............................................. 1
1.2. Model and Computation .................................. 2
1.3. Comparisonsof Simulated Domain Structures with
Experimental Observations ............................... 8
1.4. Domain Configurations in Patterned Magnetic Thin
Film Elements ............................................ 15
1.5. MagnetizationProcesses in Thin Film Recording
Media .................................................... 18
1.6. Summary and Remarks ................................... 25
2. Lorentz Microscopy:TheoreticalBasis and Image Simulations
by M D G
2.1. Introduction .............................................. 27
2.2. Basic Lorentz Microscopy (Classical Approach) ........... 28
2.3. Quantum Mechanical Formulation ....................... 39
2.4. Magnetic Induction Mapping Methods ................... 58
2.5. The Transport-of-Intensity Equation ...................... 61
v
vi CONTENTS
3. Recent Advances in MagneticForce Microscopy:
QuantificationandinSituField Measurements
by R D. G
3.1. Introduction .............................................. 69
3.2. Review of Magnetic Force Microscopy.................... 70
3.3. Quantification Techniques:Models and Experiments ...... 86
3.4. Advanced Techniques: Imaging in the Presence of an
External Field ............................................ 91
3.5. Applications .............................................. 96
4. Electron Holographyand Its Applicationto MagneticMaterials
by M. R. MC, R. E. D-B,
D J. S
4.1. Introduction .............................................. 111
4.2. Development of Electron Holography ..................... 112
4.3. The Technique of Off-Axis Electron Holography .......... 113
4.4. Applications to Magnetic Materials ....................... 118
4.5. Prospects and Concluding Remarks ....................... 134
5. Phase Retrieval in Lorentz Microscopy
by A B, D P,  K N
5.1. Introduction .............................................. 137
5.2. Phase Retrieval Theory ................................... 138
5.3. Practical Considerations in Electron Phase Microscopy ... 144
5.4. Application to Lorentz Microscopy ....................... 152
5.5. Critical Evaluation of the Technique ...................... 160
5.6. Summary and Conclusions ................................ 164
CONTENTS vii
6. Scanning Electron Microscopywith PolarizationAnalysis
(SEMPA) and Its Applications
by J U
6.1. Introduction .............................................. 167
6.2. Spin Polarized Secondary Electron Magnetic Contrast .... 168
6.3. Instrumentation ........................................... 171
6.4. Examples of SEMPA Applications ........................ 179
6.5. Conclusion ................................................ 193
7. High ResolutionLorentz Scanning TransmissionElectron
Microscopy and Its Applications
by Y Y
7.1. Introduction .............................................. 195
7.2. Principle .................................................. 196
7.3. Instrument ................................................ 213
7.4. Applications .............................................. 214
7.5. Conclusions ............................................... 225
8. Magnetic Structure and MagneticImaging of Re Fe B
2 14
(RE(cid:2)Nd, Pr) PermanentMagnets
by Y Z  V 
8.1. Introduction .............................................. 227
8.2. Microstructure ............................................ 229
8.3. Grain Boundaries in Die-Upset Magnets................... 231
8.4. Domain Structure ......................................... 236
8.5. Effects of Stray Fields on Magnetic Imaging .............. 249
8.6. In Situ Experiments ....................................... 255
8.7. Structure and Properties Correlation ...................... 264
R .................................................... 271
I .......................................................... 287
a
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CONTRIBUTORS
Numbersinparenthesesindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthors’contributionsbegin.
A B (137), School of Physics, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
M D G (27), Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
R.E.D-B(111),CenterforSolidStateScience,ArizonaState
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; and Department of Materials, Univer-
sity of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
R D. G (69), Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; and Laboratory
for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20740
M. R. MC (111) Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
K N (137), School of Physics, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
D P (137), School of Physics, The University of Melbourne,
Victoria 3010, Australia
D J. S (111), Center for Solid State Science, and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
JU(167),ElectronPhysicsGroup,NationalInstituteofStandards
and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20872
V V (227) Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
Y Y (195), Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.,
Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
J-G Z (1), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Y Z (227), Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
ix