Table Of ContentElena Kozharskaya Natalia Konstantinova
Kevin McNicholas Joanne Hodson
Angela Bandis Joanne Stournara
M A C M I L L AN
Guide to Science
Student's Book
MACMILLAN
Contents
Unit I 4 Unit 12 61
Biology Electricity and magnetism 61
An introduction 4
Michael Faraday 63
Biology today 6
Revision vocabulary Units 9 to 12 66
Unit 2 9
Unit 13 67
Germ theory 9
The Law of Universal Gravitation 67
Louis Pasteur N
Isaac Newton 69
Unit 3 14
Unit 14 72
The biosphere 14
Quantum mechanics 72
Vladimir Vernadsky 16
Niels Bohr 74
Unit 4 19
Unit 15 77
Cells 19
The General Theory of Relativity 77
Gregor Mendel 21
Albert Einstein 79
Revision vocabulary Units I to 4 24
Unit 16 82
Unit 5 25
Mathematics
The discovery of the structure and function of DNA ... .25
An introduction 82
Cloning 27
Mathematics 84
Unit 6 30 Revision vocabulary Units 13 to 16 87
Chemistry
Unit 17 88
An introduction 30
Algebra 88
Chemistry today 32
Gottfried Leibniz 90
Unit 7 35
Unit 18 93
The atom 35
Geometry 93
Robert Boyle 37
Rene Descartes 95
Unit 8 40
Unit 19 98
The Law of Conservation of Mass 40
Antoine Lavoisier 42 Calculus 98
Revision vocabulary Units 5 to 8 45 Pierre de Fermat 10C
Unit 9 46 Unit 20 103
The periodicity of elements 46 Applied mathematics 103
Dmitri Mendeleev 48 Norbert Wiener 105
Unit 10 51 Unit 21 108
Chemical kinetics 51 The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) 108
Nikolay Semyonov 53 Russian Nobel Prize winners in Physics and Chemistry ... I 1
Revision vocabulary Units 17 to 21 113
Unit II 56
Physics Translation work 114
An introduction 56
Glossary 123
Physics - the new science fiction 58
2 Macmillan Guide to Science Contents
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3 Macmillan Guide to Science Contents
Biology
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
What can you see around you that is living?
What can you see that is not living?
What can living things do that non-living
things can't?
Can you classify living things?
A Vocabulary
Match these words with their definitions.
1 life cycle A characteristic H Reading 1
2 observation В from birth to death
Biology
3 property С develop an idea
4 successor D what you see
An introduction
5 formulate E sb who follows
6 pollen F a fine yellow powder
Biology means the study of life and it is the
found in flowers
science which investigates all living things. For as
Z contribution G sth given to help
long as people have looked at the world around
progress
them, people have studied biology. Even in the
8 foundation H what is passed down
days before recorded history, people knew and
from one generation to
passed on information about plants and animals.
the next
Prehistoric people survived by learning which
9 treat I give medical help
plants were good to eat and which could be used
10 classify J process according to for medicine. Farming would not have developed
which only the strongest
if they had not begun to understand which
species survive
animals could produce food like milk and eggs.
11 inheritance К academic
In the past, more than 2000 years ago, people in
12 natural selection L put into groups
the Middle East understood the part that insects
13 field M basic idea
and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The
14 principle N academic area ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects
15 advance О improvement and were particularly interested in the changes
16 scholar P basis they went through as they grew from larvae to
adult insects. The ancient Mesopotamians even
17 genetics 0 the study of how
characteristics are kept animals in what were the earliest zoological
passed from one gardens. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly
generation to another interested in understanding the world around
4 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
Biology
them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants
Pronunciation guide
and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus,
Albertus Magnus foibe'tss 'masgnas/
wrote the first books on plant life, which made
Al-Jahiz /el gAhazI
a very important contribution to the study
Aristotle teri'stofl/
of botany.
Carl Linnaeus /ka:1 li'nias/
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the centre of van Leeuwenhoek /vaen leivanhuk/
the scientific world moved to the Middle East. Mesopotamian /messpa'tasmian/
The Arab scholar Al-Jahiz wrote the Book of Theophrastus /Sis'frasstas/
Animals in the 9th century. He was just one of a
great number of Arabic, Persian and Turkish ^ В Comprehension
scientists who set out the foundations for the
modern science of biology. Later still, in Europe, Read the text and decide if the following
particularly in Germany, scholars such as statements are true or false.
Albertus Magnus discussed the properties of life.
1 The earliest people must have known T •
Magnus wrote seven books on plants and twenty-
about plants or they would have died. F •
six on animals.
2 The Egyptians were interested T О
Modern biology really began in the 17th century. in changing the way insects lived. F •
At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in
3 Europeans learnt all they knew T •
Holland, invented the microscope and William
about biology from the Middle East. F П
Harvey, in England, described the circulation of
4 The microscope allowed biologists T •
blood. The microscope allowed scientists to
to treat illnesses. F •
discover bacteria, leading to an understanding of
the causes of disease, while new knowledge about 5 Darwin's theory was one of the T П
how the human body works allowed others to most important in biology. F •
find more effective ways of treating illnesses. All
6 The study of biology hasn't changed T •
this new knowledge needed to be put into order
at all over the centuries. F •
and in the 18th century the Swedish scientist
Carl Linnaeus classified all living things into the Before you listen
biological families we know and use today.
Discuss these questions with your partner.
In the middle of the 19th ccntury, unnoticed by
anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendef, Do you know what a germ is?
created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the What can you say about their size and shape?
study of genetics that is such an important part of
What do you know about the classification
biology today. At the same time, while travelling
of germs?
around the world, Charles Darwin was
formulating the central principle of modern И С Listening *)))
biology - natural selection as the basis of
Listen to this lesson about germs.
evolution.
Circle the correct word or phrase to
It is hard to believe, but the nature of viruses has make true statements.
become apparent only within the last half of the
1 The teacher believes people rightly /
20th century and the first step on this path of
mistakenly / rarely think all germs are bad.
discovery was taken by the Russian botanist
2 Germs don't live on microbes / animals /
Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892.
people.
In the 20th century, biologists began to recognise
3 Some / all / few germs are responsible
how plants and animals live and pass on their
for illnesses.
genetically coded information to the next
4 There are four basic types of fungi /
generation. Since then, partly because of
protozoa / germ.
developments in computer technology, there have
been great advances in the field of biology; it is an 5 Germs are only round / mostly long and
area of ever-growing knowledge. thin / different shapes.
5 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
Biology
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
What careers in biology can you think of?
Do you like any of them? Which ones and why?
Are there any areas of biology that you do not
find interesting?
What areas of biology do you consider
the most important for human society
nowadays? Why?
В D Vocabulary-
complete the sentences below with
words from the box.
mammal threatened
species adapt
cell diseases
environment crops
composition building blocks
1 Unfortunately, the growth of cities H Reading 2
often means wildlife is
with extinction. Biology today
2 A is an animal that feeds its
babies milk. Dear Students,
3 Farmers that grow like I am writing this letter to welcome all of you
who are about to begin your first year course in
cereals and vegetables normally have to
Biology here at the university. You might think
work very hard.
it is a little early for me to ask you to think
4 The smallest, basic structural and functional about what you will do when you leave here in
unit of life is a three years' time. However, our science, like
any other, has so many different areas it is
5 Serious illnesses are known as .. impossible for you to study them all. The first
thing you will need to think about is
6 What something is made of is its
specialising. This letter is to offer you some
suggestions to think about for your future.
Z It's amazing how animals can
to changes in their living conditions. As you know, there are four main areas of
biology that we shall concentrate on in the
8 There are many different
coming years. Biology can be divided into
of butterfly.
zoology, the study of animal life, and botany,
the study of plant life. We shall also study
9 Humankind's actions have often had a
molecular biology, the study of how the
negative effect on the
building blocks of living things, the cells, work.
10 The most basic parts of something can be Another topic of interest is genetics, how
called biological information is passed on from one
6 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
Biology
generation to the next: that is, inheritance. You
Pronunciation guide
should specialise, but you will also need to
career /кэ'пэ7
know about all of these four areas of study.
climatic /klai'maetik/
Plants and animals do not live separately from
gene /d3i:n/
each other; all living things are made up of cells
and one of the things genetics tells us is how genetics /d33'netiks/
plants and animals adapt to the conditions inheritance /m'heritsns/
around them. molecular /ira'lekjub7
species /spiijiizI
So what about after the course is over and you
have graduated in Biology? Can you have a H E Comprehension
career in biology? For those who choose to
Read the text and answer the questions
specialise in genetics or molecular biology
there are important career opportunities in in your own words.
medicine. At the present time, there is a great
1 What four areas can biology be divided into?
deal of research going on in gene therapy where
2 If you are interested in cells, which area
biologists are working with doctors and
should you study?
chemists to find new ways of treating diseases.
Other biologists are looking at ways of changing 3 How can zoologists help animals in the wild?
the genetic composition of the plants we grow
4 In what way can botanists protect people and
for food; of making them more able to fight
the environment?
diseases and at the same time produce
more food. 5 What is astrobiology?
We are experiencing a period of climatic change
Before you listen
too, and this is having an effect on the way
animals and plants live. The science of ecology
Discuss these questions with your partner.
is becoming more and more important;
biologists who specialise in zoology are working What do you know about climate change?
in many parts of the world. Some are working to
How do you imagine plants and animals
protect species like the tiger, which are
are affected by global climates
seriously threatened by climate change. Others
becoming warmer?
are investigating wildlife from the smallest
insects to the largest mammals, trying to В F Listening *)))
understand how they all live together. Botanists
Listen to part of a TV programme about
are looking at the effect new types of food crops
climate change.Then decide if the
have on the environment and how changes in
following statements are true or false.
that area can affect our general health. There is
even a new area of biology called astrobiology, The report suggests there are т •
which is looking at the possibilities of life on reasons for hope as well as worry. F •
other planets - but perhaps that is something
In the past, ice ages and droughts т •
for the more distant future.
killed off all life. F •
Whatever you specialise in, as long as there is
Temperatures are rising at т •
life on this (or any other) planet, there is work
five degrees every century. F •
for a biologist.
Some plants and animals move т •
Good luck and enjoy your studies!
as climates become warmer. FD
Jean Shearer
There are mountain animals that т •
Professor of Biology will die if temperatures rise. F •
7 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
Biology
Speaking tips
^ G Speaking
• Speak from notes.
Discuss these questions with
your partner. • Don't write out everything you plan to say;
use key words.
How important do you feel the study of
• Introduce each new idea clearly.
biology is for our world today?
Would you prefer not to study it? Why?
Are there any areas of biology which you
think are more important than others?
Task
Prepare a short presentation
to answer the question:
'What is biology?'
Use the information in both texts.
Talk about:
• what the study of biology includes
• the four main areas of biology
• where biologists work
f /£
• what biology informs us about
H Writing
Write a letter to your tutor telling him
or her which areas of Biology you would
like to specialise in and why. Use these
First complete these notes.
notes to help you.
Use them in your presentation.
Dear Mr / Mrs (tutor's surname),
Biology: The study of
Writing to tell you choices I have made
There are four main areas:
Specialise in: (one or two of the main areas)
is about
Reasons for choosing: interested in (plants /
is about animals / laboratory work / latest ideas /
your own ideas)
Molecular biology is about
Possible career choices: what I hope to do
is about inheritance.
when I graduate (medicine / ecology /
Biologists work in .... agriculture / your own idea)
and Offer to meet and discuss choices: I would like
your advice and hope we can ...
In conclusion, biology is about
Yours sincerely,
(your full name: first name + surname)
Remember to:
• read the texts again
• select information that is relevant
• add examples where you can Write 100-140 words.
8 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
Biology
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner.
-» What is a microscope?
What can you do with one?
What kind of scientist uses a microscope?
What other tools/equipment do biologists use?
Й A Vocabulary
Choose the correct definition of
these words.
H Reading 1
1 state A deny
В say
С suggest Germ theory
2 weaken A reduce
В increase
In the past, germ theory was something that
С add
caused a lot of discussion and disagreement. Germ
3 decaying A breaking down
theory, the idea that microorganisms or germs
В growing
were the cause of many diseases, was something
С sleeping
that took biologists and the medical profession a
4 trap A free long time to accept. Long before the invention of
В imprison
the microscope, biologists were uncertain about
С move
the existence of microorganisms, forms of life too
5 maggot A egg of a fly small to be seen with the naked eye. Biologists
В larva of a fly knew that small life forms existed, but could not
С small fly
say where they came from. The accepted scientific
6 jar A ceramic plate theory was what was known as spontaneous
В plastic cup generation (abiogenesis). Quite simply, this stated
С glass pot that living things appeared from nowhere, as if out
7 disprove A prove wrong of nothing, for no reason. According to scientists
В don't prove this happened in things that were decaying: that is,
С not approve in what remained of things that were dead.
8 microorganism A germ Spontaneous generation could take place in a dead
В small animal animal, for example, when the animal's flesh
С little plant decayed into maggots. These maggots would then
grow into flies or other insects. Mud or dead plants
9 vacuum A a full space
В an empty space were other places where new life could come into
С a space with gas existence.
9 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
Biology
Near the end of the 17th century the Italian Pronunciation guide
scientist Francesco Redi proved that maggots
abiogenesis /eibaiau'djenssis/
come from eggs that flies lay in the flesh of
germ /ёзз:гт/
dead animals. He carried out one of the first
Lazzaro Spallanzani tla:zsro spalsn'tjaim/
modern scientific experiments in this area. He
Louis Pasteur /lui pa:st3:/
put meat into three jars. One jar he kept tightly
Needham /пЫэтI
closed so that air could not enter. Another he
spontaneous /spDnteiniss/
covered with cloth and the third he left open to
the air. Maggots appeared, but only in the open
jar. However, belief in spontaneous generation E В Comprehension
was not destroyed by his experiment and
Read the text and answer the questions
almost 100 years later, the Englishman John
in your own words.
Needham carried out a similar experiment.
First, he boiled the meat to kill any living 1 Where did biologists believe living
organisms that were already there. He kept the things came from before the days of
air from outside out of his jar and not maggots the microscope?
but microorganisms or germs grew in it.
2 What was original about Redi's experiment?
Needham argued that this proved that life could
be generated spontaneously from dead material. 3 What did people say about Spallanzani's
However, he did not know they were present in experiment?
the air already in the jar. When Lazzaro
4 What effect did the microscope have on
Spallanzani in Italy repeated Needham's
belief in spontaneous generation?
experiment but removed the air from the jar
creating a vacuum with the result that nothing 5 How did Pasteur change Redi's experiment?
grew on the meat, people argued that he only
had proved that spontaneous generation could Before you listen
not take place without air.
Discuss these questions with your partner.
The invention of the microscope did little to
How many mammals can you name? Name as
weaken the belief in spontaneous generation.
many mammals as you can.
The microscope opened up a new world of
microorganisms to biologists but they could not How many insects can you name?
explain where they came from and so claimed
Can you name living things that you can only
it was by spontaneous generation.
see under a microscope?
It was not until the middle of the 19th century What do you know about protozoa such
that the French biochemist, Louis Pasteur, as amoebas?
proved to the world that microorganisms were
present in the air and that the idea of
В С Listening *)))
spontaneous generation had no place in biology.
Pasteur changed Redi's experiment so that the Listen to this class discussion
jar was 's'-shaped at the opening. This let the air about protozoa and correct the
in, but trapped any microorganisms in the's' following statements.
bend. The meat in Pasteur's jars did not generate
1 The word protozoa means microorganisms.
microorganisms. Only when Pasteur moved
the jar, allowing the meat to touch the 2 One of protozoa's ecological functions is to
microorganisms in the trap, did microorganisms produce bacteria.
start to grow. In this way he showed that growth 3 Paramecium have a simple internal
only occurred when there was contact with the
organisation and a fixed shape.
air. This time the scientist's conclusions could
4 All protozoa are parasites and live in humans
not be ignored. The idea of spontaneous
or animals.
generation was finally disproved and from that
time on biologists have recognised that 5 Protozoa can only feed by taking in nutrients
microorganisms are present in the air. through the cell mouth.
10 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2
