Table Of ContentMACHINERY AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
This page intentionally left blank
MACHINERY
AND ENERGY
SYSTEMS FOR THE
HYDROGEN
ECONOMY
Edited by
K B
LAUS RUN
ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA,UnitedStates
T A
IMOTHY LLISON
MachineryDepartment,SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor
mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe
Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance
CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(other
thanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour
understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome
necessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing
anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethods
theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhavea
professionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliability
foranyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,or
fromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-90394-3
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
CoverImageCredit:ElliottGroupandSouthwestResearchInstitute
Publisher:CharlotteCockle
AcquisitionsEditor:PeterAdamson
EditorialProjectManager:JudithClarissePunzalan
ProductionProjectManager:PoulouseJoseph
CoverDesigner:MilesHitchen
TypesetbySTRAIVE,India
Contents
Contributors ix References 92
Furtherreading 94
About the editors xi
Preface xiii 4. Heat engines
Acknowledgments xvii
JoshuaSchmitt,ThomasBriggs,TimothyCallahan,
SebastianFreund,RainerKurz,AdamNeil,GuillermoPaniagua,
1. Machinery in the energy future andDavidSa´nchez
RobertB.Laughlin 4.1 Thermodynamicprinciples 95
4.2 Conventionalenginecycles 113
1.1 Thehydrogeneconomy 1 4.3 Emergingcycleinnovations 143
1.2 Energysources 2 References 184
1.3 Theroleofmachinery 3
1.4 Competitionwithelectrochemistry 4
B
1.5 Ongoingissues 5
1.6 Machineryintheenergyfuture 6
Hydrogen applications and markets
References 6
5. Supply processes and machinery
A
ThomasI.Valdez,JasonMunster,EricMiller,andSebastianFreund
Hydrogen background
5.1 Introduction 191
5.2 Thecolorofhydrogen 192
2. Fundamentals
5.3 Coalgasification 192
5.4 Hydrogenreformationprocesses 194
WentingSun,SubithVasu,andMatthewS.Blais
5.5 Emergingtechnologies 209
2.1 Physicalandchemicalpropertiesof 5.6 Hydrogennaturalgasmixturecompatibilityand
hydrogen 11 separationoptions 212
2.2 Fundamentalhydrogenreaction References 213
kinetics 14
2.3 Hydrogencombustionproperties 22 6. Transport and storage
References 28
RainerKurz,BernhardWinkelmann,SebastianFreund,
MarybethMcBain,MarkKeith,DonghuiZhang,StefanCich,
3. Machinery basics
PeterRenzi,andJoshuaSchmitt
BrianPettinato,RainerKurz,LeonidMoroz,ZahroofMohamed,
6.1 Introduction 215
SebastianFreund,BernhardWinkelmann,andEnverKarakas
6.2 Pipelinetransport 218
3.1 Introduction 31 6.3 Transportconsiderationsforblue,turquoise,and
3.2 Machinery 36 greenhydrogen 230
v
vi Contents
6.4 Shippingliquidhydrogen 231 9.3 Diaphragmcompressors 397
6.5 Transportbytrucks 232 9.4 Screwcompressors 399
6.6 Hydrogentransportandstoragewithother 9.5 Compressorstationandpipelineconsiderations
chemicals 238 forhydrogenmixtures 406
6.7 Hydrogenstorage 241 9.6 Featuresofhydrogenturboexpanders 408
References 247 9.7 Hydrogenliquefaction 414
Furtherreading 249 References 423
Furtherreading 424
7. Usage
10. Power generation and mechanical
ToddOmatick,DonghuiZhang,MatthewS.Blais,MounirMossolly,
drivers
PeterRenzi,RainerKurz,SebastianFreund,andShaneHarvey
JasonWilkes,MarybethMcBain,RainerKurz,JeffreyGoldmeer,
7.1 Introduction 252
TimothyCallahan,KarlWygant,JaswinderSingh,BrennaGeswein,
7.2 Hydrogenusedtoproduceelectricity—Power
andSebastianFreund
generationplants 252
7.3 Automotivetransportation 274 10.1 Gasturbines(Rainer,Mounir,Goldmeer,
7.4 Othertransportation 278 Freund) 426
7.5 Refineryandchemicalindustry(includingbio 10.2 Gasengines 447
refineryandLNG) 288 10.3 Risksassociatedwithhydrogenpowergeneration
7.6 Distribution 293 equipment 461
References 302 References 466
Furtherreading 304 Furtherreading 470
8. Economics of hydrogen fuel
RobertB.LaughlinandSebastianFreund D
8.1 Introduction 305 Materials and safety considerations
8.2 Hydrogenenergycontent 306
8.3 Presenthydrogenprice 309 11. Materials for the hydrogen economy
8.4 Presenthydrogenproduction 310
8.5 Arbitrageissues 312 MichaelA.Miller,DerrickBauer,JohnMacha,EugeneBroerman,III,
ElizabethTrillo,andFassettHickey
8.6 Theoreticalprices:Gray,blue,andgreen 313
8.7 Fuelcellsvs.mechanicalengines 315
11.1 Introduction 477
8.8 Electrochemistrycostissues 317
11.2 Hydrogeninteractionsandeffectsonmaterial
8.9 Carbonsequestrationcostissues 321
performance 481
References 327
11.3 Characterizationofhydrogensolubility,
trapping,andtransportinmetals 485
C 11.4 LTDMSanalysis 492
11.5 Materialsforhigh-pressure
Machinery and heat engine design hydrogencompressionandtransportation 502
consideration 11.6 Magneticmaterialsandbondingagentsfor
hydrogenmachinery 513
9. Compressors and expanders References 518
JeffreyMoore,JonDurham,AndreEijk,EnverKarakas,RainerKurz, 12. Safety
JosephLesak,MarybethMcBain,PatrickMcCalley,LeonidMoroz,
ZahroofMohamed,BrianPettinato,GregPhillippi, EugeneBroerman,III,MatthewS.Blais,NathanWeyandt,and
HideharuWatanabe,andBenWilliams PeterRenzi
9.1 Centrifugalcompressors 334 12.1 Introduction 521
9.2 Reciprocatingcompressors 347 12.2 Operationalissues 521
Contents vii
12.3 Safetyeventsandlessonslearned 526 14.6 Hydrogenfromoceanicthermalenergy
12.4 Codesandstandards 529 conversion 587
References 542 14.7 Alternativehydrogencarriers 588
14.8 Advancedcompressorsandvalves 590
E 14.9 Advancesinheatexchangers:High-temperature
andhigh-pressureheatexchangersforhigh
Research and testing efficiencyandlightenergyconversion
systems 597
13. Major test facilities, pilot plants, and References 601
R&D projects
15. Green hydrogen market and growth
MichaelMarshall,GriffinBeck,EugeneBroerman,III,
EugenioTrilloLeo´n,andToshiichiMatsumoto SebastianFreundandDavidSa´nchez
13.1 Introduction 546 15.1 Thehydrogenmarket 605
13.2 HydrogentestfacilitiesandR&Dprogramsin 15.2 Greenandlow-carbonhydrogen 609
theUnitedStates 546 15.3 TheEUhydrogenstrategy—Aphased
13.3 HydrogentestfacilitiesandR&Dprogramsin approach 614
SpainandotherEuropeancountries(Eugenio 15.4 Fundamentalsofhydrogenproductionthrough
TrilloLeo´n) 553 waterelectrolysis 615
13.4 HydrogentestfacilitiesandR&Dprojectsin 15.5 TechnicalfeasibilityoftheEUtargetsfor2024
Japan 560 and2030:Hydrogengenerationcapacity 619
References 575 15.6 Requirementsforadditionalrenewablepower
generationcapacityandstressonmarket
14. Novel and leading-edge technology deployment 622
development 15.7 Discussion 625
15.8 Economicconsiderationsabouttheimpactof
SubithVasu,RaghuKancherla,PeterdeBock,ZahroofMohamed, renewableenergydeploymentonthepriceof
EugeneBroerman,III,andMichaelOhadi
electricity(andhydrogen) 626
15.9 Conclusion 633
14.1 Hydrogenfromsolarthermalenergy 577
References 634
14.2 Hydrogenfromwindenergy 583
14.3 Hydrogenfromnuclearenergy 584
Nomenclature 637
14.4 Hydrogenfromhydropower 586
14.5 Hydrogenfromtidalpower 586 Index 643
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors
DerrickBauer ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA, RainerKurz SolarTurbines,SanDiego,CA,
UnitedStates UnitedStates
GriffinBeck SouthwestResearchInstitute,San RobertB.Laughlin DepartmentofPhysics,
Antonio,TX,UnitedStates StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,United
MatthewS.Blais SouthwestResearchInstitute, States
SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates EugenioTrilloLeo´n LeanHydrogen,Mairena
PeterdeBock DepartmentofEnergy,Advanced delAljarafe,Seville,Spain
ResearchProjectsAgency-Energy,Washington, JosephLesak NeumanandEsser,Katy,TX,
DC,UnitedStates UnitedStates
ThomasBriggs SouthwestResearchInstitute, JohnMacha SouthwestResearchInstitute,San
SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates Antonio,TX,UnitedStates
EugeneBroerman,III SouthwestResearch MichaelMarshall SouthwestResearch
Institute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates Institute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
TimothyCallahan SouthwestResearch ToshiichiMatsumoto TheInstituteofApplied
Institute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates Energy,Tokyo,Japan
StefanCich SouthwestResearchInstitute,San MarybethMcBain KinderMorgan,Houston,
Antonio,TX,UnitedStates TX,UnitedStates
JonDurham Aerzen,Katy,TX,UnitedStates PatrickMcCalley NeumanandEsser,Katy,TX,
AndreEijk Consultant,Delft,TheNetherlands UnitedStates
SebastianFreund EnergyfreundConsulting, EricMiller DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,
Unterfo€hring,Munich,Germany DC,UnitedStates
BrennaGeswein CaterpillarO&G,Peoria,IL, MichaelA.Miller SouthwestResearch
UnitedStates Institute,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
JeffreyGoldmeer GEGasPower,Schenectady, ZahroofMohamed ZahroofCorp.,Houston,
NY,UnitedStates TX,UnitedStates
ShaneHarvey ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA, JeffreyMoore SouthwestResearchInstitute,
UnitedStates SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates
FassettHickey SouthwestResearchInstitute, LeonidMoroz SoftInWay,Inc.,Burlington,MA,
SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates UnitedStates
RaghuKancherla PowerSystemsMfg.,LLC, MounirMossolly TechnipEnergies,laD(cid:2)efense,
Jupiter,FL,UnitedStates NanterreCEDEX,France
EnverKarakas ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA, JasonMunster CleanEpicAdvising,Long
UnitedStates Beach,CA,UnitedStates
MarkKeith NikolaMotorCompany,Phoenix, AdamNeil ElliottGroup,Jeannette,PA,United
AZ,UnitedStates States
ix
