Table Of ContentФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«ПЕНЗЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» (ПГУ)
MACHINE-BUILDING AUTOMATION
АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ
Учебное пособие
2-е издание, стереотипное
Москва
Издательство «ФЛИНТА
2011
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
М38
Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
канд. пед. наук, доцент, зав. циклом иностранных языков
Пензенской государственной технологической академии
О.Н. Ясаревская;
канд. педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
военного учебно-научного центра сухопутных войск
«Общевойсковая академия вооруженных сил
Российской Федерации» (филиал, г. Пенза)
Т.В. Ханжина
Machine-Building Automation. Автоматизация машиностроения :
М38 [электронный ресурс] учеб. пособие/ Л.В. Аристова, О.С. Воячек,
Т.Н. Кондрашина, С.А. Кокурина; при участии Г.Б. Моисеевой,
Ю.В. Шепелевой; под ред. Т.Н. Кондрашиной. – 2-е изд., стереотип. –
М. : ФЛИНТА, 2011. – 142 с.
ISBN 978-5-9765-1201-6
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов
машиностроительных специальностей. Задания для чтения составлены
на материале текстов, взятых из оригинальных источников, и
способствуют развитию навыков изучающего и ознакомительного
чтения, а также формированию коммуникативной компетенции в сфере
профессионального общения. Тексты сопровождаются упражнениями и
заданиями для тренировки фонетических, лексических, грамматических
и коммуникативных навыков.
Учебное пособие составлено на кафедре «Английский язык» ПГУ.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
ISBN 978-5-9765-1201-6 © Колл. авторов, 2011
UNIT 1
FROM MECHANIZATION TO AUTOMATION
VOCABULARY
1. technology – технология; техника; технические средства
technology of automation(=automation technology) – автоматизированная
техника; автоматизированные технические
средства; технические средства автоматизации
2. to evolve – эволюционировать, развиваться
3. replacement – замещение, замена
4. to power – приводить в действие, служить приводным двигателем
power – сила; мощность, энергия
5. to drive – приводить в движение; приводить в действие
driving force – движущая сила
6. tool – инструмент; станок
7. to develop – создавать; развивать; совершенствовать; разрабатывать
development – развитие; сооружение; разработка; усовершенствование
8. wheel – колесо, маховик
9. lever – рычаг, рукоятка
10. pulley – блок; шкив
11. muscle – мускул; сила
12. to magnify – увеличивать; усиливать
13. extension – расширение; распространение; продолжение
14. to operate – работать; управлять
15. mill – мельница
16. trip-hammer – рычажный молот
17. to assemble – собирать, монтировать
assembly – сборка; узел; агрегат
18. sail – парус; крыло ветряной мельницы
19. engine – машина; двигатель
steam engine – паровая машина
analytical engine – аналитическая машина
20. loom – ткацкий станок
21. pattern – рисунок, узор; образец
22. shuttle – челнок
23. thread – нитка, нить
24. to punch – пробивать; перфорировать
25. ancestor – предок, прародитель
26. tape – лента
27. data – данные; информация
28. to process – обрабатывать
29. precursor – предшественник; предвестник
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VOCABULARY EXERCISES
I. Consult a dictionary and mind the pronunciation of the following words:
1. muscle, 2. mechanization, 3. undoubtedly, 4. wheel, 5. machine, 6. source,
7. mathematician, 8. arithmetic, 9. data, 10. programming, 11. processing.
II. Read and translate the words of the same stem:
1. mechanism – mechanization – mechanical – mechanically
2. automation – automatic – automated – automatically
3. history – historic – prehistoric
4. to operate – operation – operator
5. to react – reaction – reactor
6. to power – power – powered – powerful
7. to program – program – programmable – programming – programmer
8. to control – control – controlling – controlled
9. to process – process – processing – processor
III. Read the phrases and give their Russian equivalents:
1. related field, 2. driving force, 3. early developments, 4. physical strength,
5. powered machines, 6. simple reaction motors, 7. major advance, 8. analytical
engine, 9. to perform arithmetic.
IV. Choose some English equivalents for every Russian word:
A. 1. сила, 2. управлять, 3. усовершенствование.
B. a. to direct, b. advance, c. power, d. to control, e. development, f. force,
g. to operate, h. strength.
V. Match the synonyms and translate them:
A. 1. to magnify, 2. device, 3. to operate, 4. power, 5. to develop, 6. engine,
7. to devise, 8. to obtain, 9. important, 10. to demonstrate, 11. data,
12. advance, 13. to drive.
B. a. machine, b. to control, c. to invent, d. information, e. instrument, f. force,
g. to power, h. to expose, i. progress, j. to evolve, k. to strengthen,
l. to receive, m. major.
VI. Read and translate the word-combinations:
1. automation technology, 2. stone tool, 3. trip-hammer, 4. power source,
5. windmill mechanism, 6. water power, 7. textiles patterns, 8. shuttle motion,
9. card hole, 10. data processing, 11. powered machine development,
12. programmable machine concept, 13. automatic loom program, 14. automatic
machine control.
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VII. Add the second word to complete the word-combination:
1. industrial … 6. automatic …
2. mechanical … 7. nuclear …
3. human … 8. digital …
4. powered … 9. important ...
5. complex … 10. modern …
TEXT 1A
I. Read and translate the text:
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATION
The technology of automation has evolved from the related field of
mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution.
Mechanization refers to the replacement of human (or animal) power with
mechanical power of some form. The driving force behind mechanization has been
humankind's propensity to create tools and mechanical devices. Some of the
important historical developments in mechanization and automation leading to
modern automated systems are described here.
The first tools made of stone represented prehistoric man's attempts to direct
his own physical strength under the control of human intelligence. Thousands of
years were undoubtedly required for the development of simple mechanical
devices and machines such as the wheel, the lever, and the pulley, by which the
power of human muscle could be magnified.
The next extension was the development of powered machines that did not
require human strength to operate. Examples of these machines include
waterwheels, windmills, and simple steam-driven devices. More than 2,000 years
ago the Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing water and
waterwheels. The early Greeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered
by steam. The mechanical clock, representing a rather complex assembly with its
own built-in power source (a weight), was developed about 1335 in Europe.
Windmills with mechanisms for automatically turning the sails were developed
during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam engine
represented a major advance in the development of powered machines and marked
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. During the two centuries since the
introduction of the Watt steam engine, powered engines and machines have been
devised that obtain their energy from steam, electricity, and chemical, mechanical,
and nuclear sources.
Another important development in the history of automation was the
Jacquard loom, which demonstrated the concept of a programmable machine.
About 1801 the French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised an automatic loom
capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of
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many shuttles of different coloured threads. The selection of the different patterns
was determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes were
punched. These cards were the ancestors of the paper cards and tapes that control
modern automatic machines. The concept of programming a machine was further
developed later in the 19th century when Charles Babbage, an English
mathematician, proposed a complex, mechanical “analytical engine" that could
perform arithmetic and data processing. Although Babbage was never able to
complete it, this device was the precursor of the modern digital computer.
II. Find the English equivalents in the text:
1. промышленная революция, 2. исторические достижения, 3. следующий
шаг, 4. сложная конструкция (агрегат), 5. паровая машина, 6. источник
ядерной энергии, 7. важное достижение, 8. обработка информации.
III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings
of the underlined words:
1. a. The early tools were made of stone.
b. Modern tools are programmable machines.
2. a. Automation has developed from mechanization.
b. The first powered machines were developed during the Middle Ages.
3. a. The process of producing complex patterns in textiles could be realized by
Jacquard loom in 1801.
b. Charles Babbage proposed to process data by means of his mechanical
“analytical engine”.
4. a. Powered machines did not require human strength to operate.
b. The Jacquard loom was operated by means of a program contained in steel
cards with punched holes.
IV. Fill in the blanks and translate the sentences:
1. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human … with mechanical power.
2. Simple mechanical … were replaced by powered machines.
3. The Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing … .
4. The mechanical clock represented a complex … with its own built-in power
source.
5. Windmills had … for automatical turning the sails.
6. The Watt steam … marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
7. The Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a programmable … .
The “analytical engine” proposed by Charles Babbage was the precursor of the
modern digital … .
a. engine, b. power, c. devices, d. water, e. computer, f. mechanisms,
g. assembly, h. machine.
6
GRAMMAR REVISION EXERCISES.
I. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ing-forms” in
different functions:
1. Mechanization had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution.
2. Simple mechanical devices magnifying the power of human muscle were
developed hundreds of years ago.
3. The mechanical clock representing a complex assembly with its own built-in
power source was designed in 1335 in Europe.
4. Windmills with mechanisms for turning the sails were created during the
Middle Ages.
5. Devising the steam engine by James Watt marked the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution.
6. Powered engines and machines obtaining their energy from mechanical,
chemical, electrical and nuclear sources were being devised during two
centuries.
7. The Jacquard automatic loom was capable of producing complex patterns in
textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles.
8. The concept of programming a machine was developed in the 19-th century.
9. Mechanical data processing was proposed by Charles Babbage in the 19-th
century.
II. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ed-forms” in
different functions:
1. The technology of automation has evolved from mechanization.
2. Many modern automated systems are derived from mechanical systems.
3. Thousands of years were required for the development of the wheel, the lever
and the pulley.
4. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese devised trip-hammers powered by
flowing water.
5. The early Greeks experimented with motors powered by steam.
6. The steam engine represented a major advance in the development of powered
machines.
7. When invented in 1801 the Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a
programmable machine.
8. In the Jacquard loom the selection of the pattern in textiles was determined by a
program contained in steel cards in which holes were punched.
9. Modern digital computer has been improved many times since Charles Babbage
proposed his “analytical engine” programmed to perform arithmetic and data
processing.
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ORAL PRACTICE TASKS
I. Divide the text into logical parts and entitle each part.
II. Answer the questions:
1. What field has the technology of automation evolved from?
2. What does mechanization refer to?
3. What were the first tools made of in prehistoric times?
4. What kinds of simple mechanical devices and machines were developed under
the control of human intelligence?
5. What was the next extension in the development of mechanization?
6. What are the examples of powered machines that did not require human
strength to operate?
7. What powered tool was developed by the Chinese 2,000 years ago?
8. What motors did the early Greeks experimented with?
9. What kind of clock was developed in 1335 in Europe?
10. What kinds of windmills were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and
the Middle East?
11. What powered machine marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
12. Who was the inventor of the steam engine?
13. What kinds of powered engines and machines have been devised since the
introduction of the Watt steam engine?
14. What is the next important development in the history of automation?
15. What concept did the Jacquard loom demonstrate?
16. When did Jacquard devise his automatic loom?
17. What could this automatic loom produce?
18. How did the Jacquard loom work?
19. Who developed the concept of programming a machine in the 19-th century?
20. What engine did Charles Babbage propose?
21. What operations could his “analytical engine” perform?
22. What is the historical role of this device?
III. Do the tasks below:
1. Look through the scheme.
2. Using the scheme put some questions concerning the development of
automation technology.
3. Comment on the scheme.
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The Development of Automation Technology
mechanical devices powered machines programmable machines
wheels waterwheels
Jackard loom analytical engine
levers windmills
pulleys trip hammers
steam motors
mechanical clocks
steam engines
IV. Speak on the development of:
a) mechanical devices;
b) powered automatic devices and engines;
c) programmable automatic machines.
V. Make a short report on the historical development of automation.
TEXT 1B
Translate the text in written form using a dictionary:
FROM THE HISTORY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
The invention of the steam engine in the latter part of the 18th century,
providing a key source of power for the Industrial Revolution, gave an enormous
impetus to the development of machinery of all types. As a result, a new major
classification of engineering dealing with tools and machines developed, receiving
formal recognition in 1847 in the founding of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers in Birmingham, Eng.
Mechanical engineering has evolved from the practice by the mechanic of
an art based largely on trial and error to the application by the professional
engineer of the scientific method in research, design, and production. The demand
for increased efficiency is continually raising the quality of work expected from a
mechanical engineer and requiring a higher degree of education and training.
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TEXT 1C
Look through the text and do the tasks below:
DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS
The high standard of living in the developed countries owes much to
mechanical engineering. The mechanical engineer invents machines to produce
goods and develops machine tools of increasing accuracy and complexity to build
the machines.
The principal lines of development of machinery have been an increase in
the speed of operation to obtain high rates of production, improvement in
accuracy to obtain quality and economy in the product, and minimization of
operating costs. These three requirements have led to the evolution of complex
control systems.
The most successful production machinery is that in which the mechanical
design of the machine is closely integrated with the control system. A modern
transfer (conveyor) line for the manufacture of automobile engines is a good
example of the mechanization of a complex series of manufacturing processes.
Developments are in hand to automate production machinery further, using
computers to store and process the vast amount of data required for
manufacturing a variety of components with a small number of versatile machine
tools.
1. Translate the title of the text.
2. Formulate the main idea of the text.
3. Choose the main information from every paragraph.
4. Make up the plan of the text.
Write down the annotation of the text in Russian
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