Table Of ContentMACEDONIAN
Македонски јазик
A COURSE FOR BEGINNING AND
INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS
THIRD EDITION
CHRISTINA E. KRAMER
and
LILJANA MITKOVSKA
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
The University of Wisconsin Press
The University of Wisconsin Press
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the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews.
Printed in the United States of America
Kramer, Christina Elizabeth.
Macedonian: a course for beginning and intermediate students /
Christina E. Kramer. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
“For this third edition Liljana Mitkovska, who has been
involved with this project from the very beginning, has become
co-author”—Introduction.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-299-24764-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-299-24763-8 (e-book)
1. Macedonian language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—
English. I. Mitkovska, Liljana. II. Title.
PG1159.K73 2011
491.8’1982421—dc23
2011018266
Companion CD ISBN: 978-0-299-16170-5
To Victor Allen Friedman, mentor and friend,
and all those who seek mutual understanding
through the study of language and culture
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction to the Third Edition xiii
1. Macedonian Pronunciation and the Macedonian Alphabet 1
1.1 The Macedonian alphabet 1
1.2 Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation 2
1.3 Stress (accent) 5
1.4 Cognates 7
1.5 Alphabetical order 8
1.6 Writing Macedonian 8
2. Introductions and Occupations 11
2.1 Subject pronouns 11
2.2 Present tense of verbs, introduction 12
2.3 Present tense of the verb ‘to be’ 12
2.4 Gender of nouns 13
2.5 Interrogatives 15
2.6 Conjunctions 17
3. Actions and Attributes 25
3.1 Plural of masculine and feminine nouns 26
3.2 Adjectives 28
3.3 Plural of adjectives 30
3.4 Present tense of verbs 31
3.5 Negation of verbs 33
3.6 има/нема 35
3.7 Numbers 0–20 36
4. Daily Routines 43
4.1 Adverbs 45
4.2 Plural of neuter nouns 45
4.3 Quantitative plural 47
4.4 Demonstrative adjectives 48
4.5 Defi nite articles 49
4.6 Defi nite direct objects and clitics 52
4.7 Possession 55
4.8 Conjunctions 56
5. Food 65
5.1 Defi niteness of adjective plus noun phrases 69
5.2 Direct object pronouns 71
5.3 Prepositions with personal pronouns 75
5.4 Introduction to да constructions 75
v
Contents
5.5 The invariant verb може in да constructions seeking permission 78
5.6 во vs. на 79
5.7 Forms of ‘whose’ 80
5.8 Conjunctions и . . . и, или . . . или, ни . . . ни 80
6. Music 89
6.1 Indirect objects 90
6.2 Indirect and direct object clitics 93
6.3 Uses of на 95
6.4 Verbal aspect 96
6.5 Future constructions 99
6.6 Future tense of сум 102
6.7 Subordination with дека 1 03
6.8 Relative clauses, introduction 103
7. Cities, Giving Directions, Skopje, Free Time 111
7.1 Comparatives and superlatives 114
7.2 Possessive pronominal adjectives 116
7.3 Embedded questions and indirect questions 119
7.4 Imperatives 121
7.5 Auxiliary verb треба 128
7.6 Numbers 0–100 129
7.7 Telling time, introduction 132
8. Education, Invitations 141
8.1 Aorist, introduction 146
8.2 Days of the week 154
8.3 Telling time, continued 155
8.4 Review of subordinate clauses 159
8.5 Relative clauses, continued 162
8.6 Intransitive verbs with се 166
9. Vacations, Birthdays, and Other Celebrations 173
9.1 Aorist, continued 178
9.2 Verbal nouns, introduction 180
9.3 Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions 181
9.4 Numbers designating male human beings and mixed gender groups 182
9.5 Months of the year 184
9.6 Ordinal numbers 184
9.7 Dates 185
9.8 Verbs of liking 188
9.9 Order of clitics, review 189
9.10 Diminutives, introduction 190
9.11 Vocative 190
vi
Contents
10. Weather 2 01
10.1 Imperfect 207
10.2 Proximate and distance forms of the defi nite article 211
10.3 Interrogatives, pronominal adjectives, and adverbs of quantity and quality 213
10.4 Impersonal constructions 218
10.5 Imperatives, continued: да and нека constructions 2 19
11. Appearance, Character 229
11.1 Colors, clothing, relatives 232
11.2 Expectative conditionals 237
11.3 Perfective imperfect and future-in-the-past 241
11.4 Indirect speech, introduction 248
11.5 Verbal nouns, continued 250
11.6 Verbal adverbs 252
11.7 Word formation 254
12. Health 2 65
12.1 Verbal l-forms and formation of the l-past 271
12.2 Approximate numbers 279
12.3 The emphatic verb нејќе 280
12.4 Compound conjunctions: без да, за да, пред да 2 80
12.5 The conjunction штом 281
12.6 The verbal prefi x по- and the verbs of ‘lying,’ ‘sitting,’ ‘standing’ 282
12.7 Aorist, continued 283
12.8 Refl exive verbs 283
13. Housing 293
13.1 Comparisons continued and the prefi x пре- 294
13.2 Hypothetical constructions with би 3 00
13.3 Overview of conditionals 304
13.4 Admirative and dubitative 306
13.5 Indirect speech, continued 308
13.6 Suppositional or reported forms of perfective imperfect constructions 311
13.7 The use of треба with nominal subject 312
13.8 Optatives 313
14. Geography of Macedonia, Travel 321
14.1 Verbal adjectives 324
14.2 Word order 333
14.3 Passive constructions with се 3 35
14.4 Conjunctions дури (да, не), додека (да, не) 3 38
15. Wedding Customs, Sports, Arts 353
15.1 Има perfect 356
15.2 Dependent form of masculine personal names 359
15.3 Aspect distinctions and imperfective derivation 362
vii
Contents
15.4 Introduction to verbal prefi xes 364
15.5 Prefi xes for ‘some’, ‘no-’, ‘every-’, e.g. ‘someone, no one, everyone’ 369
15.6 Indefi nite pronouns meaning ‘any-’, e.g. ‘anyone, anywhere’ 370
15.7 The conjunction како да, ‘as if’ 372
16. Cultural Sites in Macedonia 381
16.1 Pluperfects 383
16.2 Constructions with имал plus verbal adjective 386
16.3 Diminutives, continued 388
16.4 Review of prepositions 390
16.5 Collective plurals 391
16.6 Suffi xes in word formation 393
Glossary of Basic Grammatical Terminology 4 05
Grammatical Tables 407
Introduction to the Glossaries 4 21
Macedonian–English Glossary 4 23
English–Macedonian Glossary 4 63
Answer Key 5 01
Index 539
viii
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments to the First Edition
Over the past three years, I have had the good fortune to consult with many people on this
project. Without their help and good wishes, I am sure this book would never have been
completed. First, I wish to thank Professor Victor Friedman for fostering my lasting interest
in Balkan linguistics and Macedonian studies. He provided tremendous help and support in
the completion of this grammar. I am also deeply indebted to Professor Ronelle Alexander for
inspiring this textbook. I know that many of my explanations and ideas for this book owe a great
deal to her clarity of thought and creativity.
I consulted with a number of people in Macedonia whose help has been crucial. In
particular, I would like to thank Liljana Mitkovska for her kindness, generosity and creativity.
She contributed a number of supplementary exercises to this textbook, probably the ones the
students will most enjoy. I will never forget working with her in Ohrid in the shade of the
kiwi vines. I am grateful also to Elena Petrovska and Blagoja Mitkovski for proofreading the
manuscript and offering numerous useful suggestions.
I thank my North American colleagues for reviewing and fi eld testing early editions of
this manuscript, in particular Professor Jane Hacking at the University of Kansas, Professor
Grace Fielder at the University of Arizona, Professor Robert Greenberg at the University of
North Carolina–Chapel Hill, and Kim Gareiss at the University of Chicago. Each of them has
contributed ideas, corrections, and encouragement. I am grateful as well to their students.
My students and colleagues at the University of Toronto were most instrumental in the
completion of this textbook. I wish to thank the students who survived years of Macedonian
courses with various versions of these chapters. This textbook project grew out of the University
of Toronto course, and I hope through this book to be able to thank the Toronto Macedonian
community for their generous support of my work.
Friends and colleagues in Toronto and Skopje helped in numerous ways with this project,
and I owe all of them thanks for sharing with me photographs, stories, and customs which have
enriched this book.
A special debt of gratitude is owed to two graduate students at the University of Toronto:
Elisabeth Elliott helped with proofreading, suggested ideas for vocabulary, exercises and
readings, and in general contributed in numerous ways to the completion of this project. I thank
Brian Cook for his patient help proofreading the glossaries—there will always be errors that
creep into a manuscript, but there would have been many more without his assistance. George
Stackpole, a graduate student at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, provided editorial
assistance in the fi nal stages of this project; many grammatical points are clearer thanks to his
suggestions.
I also wish to thank my colleague Joseph Schallert for helping me with various thorny
issues in grammar.
Special thanks are due Steve Salemson at the University of Wisconsin Press, who guided
this project through production from beginning to end, and whose unfl agging support was crucial
to its completion. Little did he suspect what he was getting himself into!
Illustrations for chapters 11, 12, 13, and 16 were done by my friend John Fraser.
I wish to thank Eran Fraenkel for permission to use the photographs on pages 106 and
ix
