Lying to Protect Privacy

28 Pages·2014·2.74 MB·English

by  Anita L. Allen

UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPeennnnssyyllvvaanniiaa CCaarreeyy LLaaww SScchhooooll
PPeennnn LLaaww:: LLeeggaall SScchhoollaarrsshhiipp RReeppoossiittoorryy
Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law
1999
LLyyiinngg ttoo PPrrootteecctt PPrriivvaaccyy
Anita L. Allen
University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship
Part of the American Politics Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Feminist, Gender,
and Sexuality Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity
in Communication Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Ethics and
Professional Responsibility Commons, Privacy Law Commons, Sexuality and the Law Commons, and the
Theory and Philosophy Commons
RReeppoossiittoorryy CCiittaattiioonn
Allen, Anita L., "Lying to Protect Privacy" (1999). Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law. 658.
https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/658
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been
accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law by an authorized administrator of Penn Law: Legal
Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Si ....
-
VILLANOVAL AW REVIEW
VoLC\.!4E4 1999
ReuschleLienc ture
L\1:-JGTO PROTECT PRI.\-\'C_Y
I. I�TROOL"CTlO�
HIS. -\nihcalset woa ims.T he firasitm i st oi denticflYe arhf·o,rd iscus­
T siona nd debatet,h ec ompetinngo rmati1p·eer spectia1b·oeust l ving
ands exuaplr i1·atchva tl urkb ehindp ubliocp inioanb outt he prosecution
ofp e1juna nd relatefdo rmso fd eceptioTnh.e seconda imi st of rame; 1
defensoef ones uchp erspectinYaem:e lyt hatl yinga,n d inp articulha­r,
ingt op rotecste xuaplr iYaciys,n ota categorimcoarla lw rong-note H'n
11hetnh el iairsa high-rankpiunbgl iocf ficiTahli.s r noraple rspectdio1c·se
notp lainelyn taitlh ato fficiaslhso ulcdo nceasle :cxr imesl,i et ot hep ublic
orl ieu ndero ath.I td oesh,o we\erg,i 1et l10swei thd iscretiaobno uptu r­
suintgh ei ndictmenptr,o secution, impeacchemnesnltt,or re r esgination
ofa liaar r easotno t realti easb outs e:xd ifferentthlavno therk indso fl il's.
i\tfvd efensoef l yintgo p rotecste xuaplr i,·ainsb asedo n thep remise
thaptl i\'aicsav h uman needa ndm orale ntitlemeankti,nto freedoma nd
equalitTyh.r eed ecadeos f renectioann d obsenatiobnv philosopsh er
and psychologiisntfso rm tphriesm ise.I1n t he:: \unh.- -\mericacno ntext.
"'P rofessoorfL awl,'n i1erosifPt ev nns1·Ih.aaSn,ci,ha·u .oJl.... HD < uTarLd1 11
SchoPohl.;.,D L ni1·ersil\ of\ -lichigTahni.sa rtic,l,e· parse sel1laestd h ei n<tugur<li
Reuschlein Lecturaet\ 'illnao1·a l"ni1·erSscihtoYo lo fL m. Ia m gr<ltetof "Duel <tn
f'darSka rgent andt hset udentfsa, cualndta Ylu mnio f\' ilLmLo"Ynia1 ersSicthY ool
ofLa w fort hegirrac iosuusp port.
l.F ora discussiofotn h e1· aule of1·arifooursm s ofpri,s·eaegc e\n,e �rt!.h-\·n iu
L..Al len,C onstitutLimoun(l a!llP dr il'[rhterreiyn afetr Alle(n,'.o ustift.fultiwin]..u- \n al
Co�tP.-\.r:-<o !P0H'<I LOSOPHY OF L-\.1.1 -\.::.;LH0: .uT_t !EOR1Y3 9( Denni.-;P atterstodn. .
1996A)n;it aL. .-\JleCPnn,P iPirri l,rEumye:t giCnogn crpts\ 'a(!n/dl[ ihPerSe in�d.t-\e!r ­
lenCm,!' liPrri l1ary], inG E"ETISCE CRETsP:R OTEC:PRTtI\'-.·..C·\ \'-C.:DY Co'-:FIDE'-.TL\1·
rn-'"THE GE'-.ET!ECRA: 31 ('vlaAr.k R othseteeli19.n9, 7 )A:n itaL .. -\liFelnu',
JurisjJoolfPi rtiiJ.cHs[U h�e\r einaf,t,.IJelr .eJnu,risjJoofPlriitJ.Ii{icInRsI E) C]:,U '-.STRUTJ'-.<:
PouTrcTHuE_O RY: FntJP'-E.RlSSPTE C:T6I\8T( S\ -IaLn1 ndonS hanl\e· & l·ma
T\araYaenel s. .9 <:!71) A:n itaA llenP,r iva[nh ereina.fite.r1 1Per;i1,N tinnA ] C<.J \11'.\'-.-
10\: TOf Dti'-.IPSTH ILOS-±O5P6(H AYl iso';>1' !.&J IargiYgso eunrg e -e..l 1s9 98.)-\n:i t�1
L.A llePrni,N tinn H m lthC ar[eh ereinaAfltleern P,r il1ioncHy e alCtmht] ,in -t E:-.:>·(
CLOPEDlOF. -\B t;)ET20I-!6l4(c Wsa rrT.eR nei ch eelr.e,1 -·e.e 1l9.9 5)A:'-. IT\L .-\.I.LF.'-..
l"\:LA\cS:Yc :EPsRsI:-\ \ F<:>OR Wo�tEC.:1 :-f.R:E.ES\ o ctET(Y1 98[8h)er ein<t.f-\tl!eYr'-. .
(161)
162 VILL\.NOV\o.\R-\'E \L1"'.E.W [Vo4l4.:p .1 61
pnYacvi sn ota mere luxuroyr an optionaglo od Lyinga bouts exh as
e\oh·eacslo ne 1vawve ll-meanipnegop lef roma llw alkosf l ifceo pe with
thei nterploafy c onflictpihnygs icaelm,o tionaaln d sociailm peratives
Thereforley,i nagb outs exi ss omethinAgm ericanssh oulndo tc ondemn
tooq uickolryc ategoricallv.
Lyingt op rotecptr ivaicysn ota lwayas m orally accepdteapbalretr ue
from thgee neraplr incipolfet ruthfulneFsosre. x amplew,h ent hes up­
posed" sexuaplr ivacayt"i ssuceo ncernrsa pei,n cescth,i lmdo lestation,
sexuahla rassmeonrte xploitatpiroinv,a icsyn o excusoer j ustificatfioorn
lyingA.n y plausible deoffe lnysien tgo p rotecptr ivac1yv ihlalv et ob e
qualified.
My qualifiedde fensoef l yintgo p rotecste xuaplr ivaciysc onsistent
1vitthh e1 videsprmeoarda lb elieafn dr eligioduosc tritnhe atl yinsgo me­
timesi sa moralljyu stifiable restpooo tnhseer s seeiknifnogr matitoon
whicht hevh aven o rightL.y2i ntgo a would-bmeu rderearb outt hew here­
aboutosf t hew ould-bvei ctihmo pintgh erebtyot hwarta crimei st her ight
thintgo d o.L yingt ot heu njushto,w everi,sn ota lwaytsh em orallbye st
alternativLey.i ngt oa wouldb e "busy-botdoyt "h waratn ordinariyn va-
LNE.-r\\5:>c1o :sR.rsc]t-;L -C\RD.T uRKINGTOENT A L.P,R f\AC:Y: C..·-\\NC\SD1.E -S\ TERI.A.LS
(1 992A)n;i tLa.A lleTnh,eP oweofrP nvatFea ct.sfC-,1\ SEW . REs. L.M \. 757( 1991)
[hereinAalflteePnro, w eorf P ric•Fnacttse]; A niuL. AllePnr,i vr[(Syu,n ogaannd t he
Ba\b'' vla se,C7 6G Eo.L J1 759( 1988[)h ereinAalflteePnrr, i N[(S)'u,r rogAanciyt]a;
L. AlleTnh,eP ropoEsqeuadPl r otection FifxoA rb m1ioLna w. ReflectoinoCn itsiu nshi,p
Gendearn.dt heC onstit1u8t Hi.o-\.R\n.J, L. .& PL:PBo.L \4 19( 1995[)h ereinafter
.-l\eInP ,r oposfeqdu aPl roteFicxt]Ai;no intL a.A lleRne,t hintkhiPRn ugl: ei. gaiConrspto ­
mtPP nr>Raicg_h,tS.so ·mC eo nceptQuaula ndnfroitreh seC ommonL aw2,0 J .\1-\RS I-L·\LL
L RF.\6.0 7( 1987[)h ereinAaJf!teeRnret, hi nkignt hReu leA]n:i tLa , '\lTiaekni,n g
Libn1Pire?sv.a Pcrvi,v Cahtoiece, a ndS ociCaoln tr7atcut'o 5r6v l,' . CiLi':..R E\·4.6 1
(� l187 [)h erein-.A.al.�fe tnTe,ar k iLnigbe rtes]i;. -\nLi.tA al leTnr,i bJeu'dsi cifoeumsi ­
nis4m4,S T.-L\.:"R .£ \·1.7 9( 1991[)h erein,aJA.fi.teenr, JudiFcoinoiunsiA snmit]L.a;
Alle&n E ri\n' laHcokw,P rivCaoctyT tCsi! nder1.0N .I L.L U RLE.\ ·4.4 1( 1990).
2. .') eAll!a sdMaaidrn t yrTer,u thfulnessa,n d;\.L [ioersaP,lh ilosoph\e.rYhsa.Ct a n
H'Lem m from, \.JainldlK on(2i,n 1 6 THET .-'J.>.;.E>R LECTL'ROFE SH L-�\.L.V-". "'L3L'0E7S,
�q�( GretBh.eP eterseodn,1 995()q uotiKnagn tr'esj ectoifoB ne njamCionn ­
stan,t·'iste h,a·,t·'·w t eltlh et rutihsa d utoyn ltyO waradp se rsownh oh ast her ight
w thet ruth'T"h)ev. i etwh aitti sm oralpleyr misstiobl litoee someonle>" hhoa s
nor ighLOt t hei nformatsiooung hitsn otn ew.I mmanueKaln t assesiste2 d0 0
vearasg oi nh iset hicwarli tionngt sh es ujbecotf l yinfgr omb eneYo!meontti ves.
Seied .
Ther eligivoiuetswh aitti sm oralpleyr misstoi blliteeO s omeon,e, ·hhaosn o
rigthott hei nformattOip orno tepcrti vaicsny o tn ewe itheSreP.ee reZza goriTnh,e
HistmS?igwnli mfniceo fL yinagn dD issimul6a3St oic.o RnEs,. 8 638,6 6.8 73-74. 883,
896-9(01949 6)( argutihnagIt s laamn dJ udaiosfm\ hrranpoesr mitotuetdw ard
lieasob uti nwarfadi ttoh avoirde ligipoerusse cuatnidot nh aCta tholipceirsmmi ts
dissimuliants ieo,n· ecroaneltx tsi.n cludtihnogs ceo ntemplabyt deodc trionfe
·'mteanrl e servatiEomni"n)e.ns ti xteecnettunhn Catholaiuct hor\iItaYr tdien
.-\zpil(ccuaeltlDaer d.: \avarurrugse)td h atth ed octrionfme e ntarle ser:ation
''oup1edr mliyti wnhge nr espondtioqn uge stiobnvijnugd gaensdo thesru periors.
s,, aitd9. 0 0 (stattihnagNt a \·arrturse'ast moefnm te ntarle servapteiromni tted
11·Liucilwec ilnie t uss es)ee;a lsTo. S later,M entRaels nwttw iToHEnC. .-\ THOLI[C:N <...Y­
<:LOPED1I9.5(-\ C harGl.eH se rbermaentan ! e.e l1s9.1,3 (e) x plaintihnaCgta tholi­
cispme rmihtisn tgO t hwasretr iohuasr mt oo thers).
f.!'
1999] b1�GT O PROTECPTR IY.-\CY 163
sioonf p riYaicnye \·eryldiafyme a yn otb e ther ightth intgo d o eitheAr .
passengoenr a traihna sn o rightto a ska strangterra vel\i\n·gi at hc hild
,,·hetthheerc hilwda sa dopted[.\ ndy etb,e causoef t hei mpotrancfeo r
childroefnk nowintgh et rutahb outth eiorr iginasn,df eelignogo da bout
who theya re,t hes trangmeary be obligatteod a nswetrr uthfualnldv
cheerfullyI.w antt os uggetshta itn i nstancwehse rel yinign r esponsteo
pryinig st hem orallbye srte sponsieti, s b esdtu et ot hef undamentiaml­
portacneo fc ertafionr mosf p rivacSyt.r esstihnegg oodo fp rivarcayt her
thant hee \iolf s noopinigsm y overatlalc tic.
TheC linton-Lewianfsfkafyio rr cetdh el egaclo mmunitayn dt heg en­
eraplu blitcoc onfrotnhte e thicofsl yinagb oust ex.\"Nh en allegatioofn s
a sexuaalf fabiert ,,·Pereens ide\n:Vti lliJaemf fersColni ntoann df ormer
vVhiteH ousei nterni \llonLiecwai nskcya met ol ighitn J anuar1y9 98a,
serioefsi mportaqnute stiobnesg ant oe merge.L4y inbgy p ubliocf ficials
isa legitimcaatues feo rc oncern.O ne oft hem ostc ompellianrgg uments
againlsyti nbgy g overnmeonftfi ciailsts h adti shonebsytty h osien p ublic
lifpeo tentiaulnldye rminetsr usitn g overnmentM.o ralp hilosophSeirs ­
selBao ka dvanceadn eloquenvte rsioofnt hiasr gumenitn a classoifc
practipchaill osopLhyy,i nJg'v loCrahlm um Pvblaincd P rivaLtief aen,d "'
agaiinn a ne ditorrieaslp ontsoen ewso ft heC linton-LewaifnfsakivrB eo k
madea strongge nercaals aeg ainlsyti nbgy p ubliocf ficiaalnsdp rofession­
alsw,i twhh ichIl argealgyr eeH.e rr espontsoeC lintonl'isew sa st oa rgue
thatth es ocietnaele df ort hep reservatoifto rnu sitnp ubliacu thoriotuyt ­
shinetsh eP residenatn'ds M s.L e\'.:insiknyd'isv idnueaeld sf orp rivacy,
eveni ft hosnee edwse rew rongfudlilsyc ountbeytd h eI ndependeCnotu n­
sela'sp proactho h isi nvestigaatnidor ne por7t
Ia m lespse rsuadetdh anB okt hatth ep ubliicn f acetx perienacne s
erosioonf t rusitn p ubliacm horit:uvp on learnionfgd eceirte latitnog
3.S eeK ennetSht arRre,f entaolt hUen itSetda tHeosu seo fR epresrmlaFluirzs>ue(lsl lt
to Tit2le8 U,n itSteadlC eosd e§,5 95(Scu)bm,i tbtyeth de O fficeo ft hlen dependCeo1u1n1­
selS,e pt9., 1 998a, vailaibnl1 e9 98vVL 61481[Sh ereinafSttearrR re pm1(]a lelging
thaPtr esideCnlitn tocno mmittehdi ghc rimeosr m isdemeanotrhsa wta rranrte ­
movalf romo ffice).
4.S eeS usanS chmidett a l.C,l inAtrowns oefdU 1 ginAgi det o LSitea;n P robPs
WhethePrr esidTenotlW dom ant oD enyA llegAefdf atior. JoneLsa'wsy er\sV,. -\SHP.o sT,
Jan.2 1,1 998,a tA 1 (reportoinn gi nitiatoifoS nt arri'ns\ 'estigoaftC ilonint on­
Lewinsakfyf air).
S.S ISSELB\o Kb,1 NcM:o Ru_ CHOICEI i"P l.<Buc .-\.ND PRrYATLEI FE(1 978)
[hereinafBtoeKrb ,1 �cs]e;eF .G.B ".JLETYH,E PRE\"'...L"ENCOEF DECEIT27 (1991)
(dsicussiBnogk 'tsr utthel-lnig biaasn dr eulctanatc ceptanocfel imitfeodr mso f
decpetion).
6.S eeS islseaB ok,L iesT.h·e yC omfV•/ ithC onsequenWc ..e ;s.,. s PHosT,A ug.2 3.
1998a,t C l[ hereinafBtoekr,L ies CoWimteh Consequen(ccerse] atciansge a gainst
lyinpgu bliocf ficails).
7.S eei d(.[":v l]anpye oplhea vea lsboe end isturbaetwd h at hsaese medh u­
miilatinagt,t imep ruriepnrto,b inogf t hep residenitn'tsi maatfef aibrost hb yi n­
vestigaatnodrt sh em edia."s)e:ae l sNoe iAl. L ewi.Jsu,d gCei tPeoss siIbmlper opeLre aks
byS tarOrf fiNc.eY,T. r i\·!EOSc,t 3.1 , 19a9t8A ,9 (reponionngj udgejohnsodne'tse r­
minatiotnh atth erhea db eeni mpropelre akbsy S tarro'fsf ice).
164 [Vo4l4:.p .1 61
consensuaadlu lst ex.I ft heG arv Hadretb aclIeS e\idencteh atI am
wrongt,h eC lintoinm peachmenmta v be e\idencteh atIa m right.C:-l'i n­
ton'hsi gla1p prm·ar]a tinignst he, ,·aokfeh iss tunninagd missioonfsd e­
ceitc ouldb e interpretaesde \idencteh ato rdinarpye opled istinguish
ber,,·egeenn eral deceptiivne pnuebslsi rco lesa,b outw hicht he;a·r e
mainhu·n svmpathetaincd, d ecepti\·ecnoenscse rninsge xual matbtve rs
personosc cup,·ipnugb lirco les, about thwehvih cahv es omes ympathyI.
suspectth ath adC an Hartb eenb ettekrn ownt ot hei \rneripceaonp laet
thet imeo ft he' ·;·>IonkBeuvs inesmso·n·k eyb usineshsi,sp residentciaan­l
clidacCo\u'l dh aves unived.\'
Clintona'dsu lte,r,v· barso ughtto thep ublica'tst entiionnp orno­
graphidce taialn db vg overnmento fficials assowciitahat reid, ·paoll itical
rnrrvA. c rucipaols sibitloie txvp lorien,r esponsteoc oncernsa boutg ov­
ernmentc redibiliistt vh,a tp ublitcr usitn d emocratgiocv ernmenti sa s
much harmedo rm oreh armedb yg overnmentianl1 ·estigaantdid oins clo­
sureo ft her awi ntimacoifec so nsensuaadlu lste xa ndf amillyi faes,b yt he
lieosf ficiatlesl iln a ttemptitnogm aintaipne rsonaplr ivacAsy. O rlando
Patterseoxnh orteidn a SnoY orThi meedsi toriaablo utt heC lintosnc an­
cblp.r ivacivsa requiremeonftf reeclom.1''
Butt o, ,·hofsree edoma rew e referrinIgn�f eminitshto ughtp,r ivacy
isg reete\dv ·iatmhb i1alencper,e ciseblevc austev picamle n enjovm ore
freedomth an tl-pical ,,·omen. hFaevmewi anrinsetdts h atto a dvocatper i­
\acva ggress11ieslt vo advocate tmheant b e allowetdh e freedomt o
suborclinw:onmee n behindc loseddo orsR.e ligiofuusn dmaentalicstasn
make thea nalogopuos intth ata dvocatipnrgi vaciysa ·d 1ocatitnhga tm en
and women be freet oc ommits infualn d degradinagc tsb ehindc losed
doors.v \'lwiaon tsto trumpeat Presidenptr'isv acwvh en thatp ri,·aicsv
usedt os ecure "blow_jofbrso"m m uch youngefre malseu bordinatCersi�t ­
icso fP resideCnlti ntocna nnotp lacec onsensuaadlu lste xi nt hes ame
cnegona ss exuahla rassmeanntc lr ape.. -\ncly ets exb etweemne n and
,,·omewnh o aren eithearg en ors tatupse ersr aiseqsu estions atbhoeu t
1en· meaninga ndr ele\anocfe' 'consensaudaulls te x."
R.S rrJu ch \-LtTnnnm.nio ! S tupidivt\y'.. -P\oSsHT ,\ [ao,,1 � 07.a tC ) (com­
mentinogn Can Han scandalG)a.n ·H an'sf ront-runnbiindfg o rt heD emocratic
numinatiofno rt hep residenccavm e to an abrupetn d aftetrh ep ublicatoifo n
phOLograp(hlsDf o nnaR ices ittionng h isla p 1·1hile the1c ruise0d1 ·emigwhitt h
otherosn a boatc alle"d\ lonkeB,u-sinesSse_e·i ·d. H an wasa lsoac cused ofa dul­
ten� lnbda d. JudgmenStn-'. L oi;R omano& \!arFci hser,V onnrRti cDnel ineLsi me­
li�lCt:tr.l l!�r .P\i.lnCnuo.nlj nPnWr.F\.S HP.o sT\. li:ol,1\ 9 87a,t .- -\12( discussGianrgy
H<trtc·hsa ractienrm icbto fp oliticcaanld idao·H)r:r r.t-' trTlhiatlH el i,l\lsrr 1,l \(I/i1:'s ­
trthklu'/)t n ;iTrn,s Cti:l lSltso r,r\ IislmodnidnF eo:l sLeA,. T i\IE\S[.a v5 ,1 987a,t l
[hereinaHherrn. i-\ rl.m\iliiss t(;satmker)']: H (/)1'.\1\ .tHfee DoesS otl i'rS.. \D'-I'E GO
L·�IO'-'-.T.R.\ !LB1 1! 11.9 87a,t. --\1( same).
�- S!:'e H.(-'/t/r1l, l\!i/lsittowsk pem.n ote8 .a t1 (reponinogn damageto Han
campaign).
l) (.\a Orl�Pmadtot ersoln \.7 i1sF1 u11w lo1l1 '1\i tlPwurti v'�.r .\' t l.Y). TLS\eIpEt.S .
l :i. 1a t':l. <--\lJ (Sa,s soci::�rtiignhgtot pri1·a1c11· iftrhe edoma nd opinintgh ato ne
requiroetsh er).
1999] 165
To countenanlcyei ntgo p rotecste xuaplr i,·aiscn yo tt oe ndorseex ­
ploitatsie,x·uear le lationshLiypisn.gt op rotecatc ttsh ath armo therhsa s
no morallpyr otectsetda tuTsh.e claihma sb eenm ade thatt heC linton­
Le,\insrkevl ationswhaisep i theerx ploitaotfiL veew inskiynp rincipclleu,e
tot hea gea ndp owerg apso,r e xploitaotfiL ,e·wei nskiyn f actb,e causien,
thec ontexotfa clandesteixnter a-maraiftfaalis rh,ep erformeodr asle xo n
theP resident wihtehrosuetla fch ie,ionrgg asms,o metimeass t heP resi­
dents pokeo n thet elephown eo tl1erAs s.t andarrde torhta sm eritC:l in­
tond idn ote xploiLte winskbye causseh ew as\ 1·illoivnegrt, w enl:\-one.
ambitioubsn,g ht, afflsuoemnett,i messe xualglrya tifieadn d \\·Ielscikgc­l
nificanpto weri nt her elationship
Ia m reluctatnodt escritbhee C lintoLne-winskayf faaisrs ubstantiallv
exploitaotfiM vse.L ev,rinsky.F irsetx,p loitatiisao mna tteorf d egreeT.o a
degreeC,l intoenx ploitLeedw inskTyo. a degreLee,w insha lseox ploited
Clintoann clt hem emberso fh iss tafifv homs hep ressurteodg ranth er
speciparli vileagneds a ccestso t hed etrimenotf t heiorw n careerasn d
moralsL.e ivinswkaysa ggressainvdep ersistiennh te rr aunchavn dr oman­
tirce lationswhiitphC lintoYne.t t,h e" casticnogu chi"s n o longear v oung
woman'osn lyr outteo a rewardicnagr eerL.e winskkyn ewt hasth e\ vanso t
requirteodh aves exw itht heP residetnoto btaionr r etaienm ploymenitn
go,·ernmenste rviocrei nt hec orporasteec torT.h e seconrde asoins t hat
the publdoiecs n otk now,c annotk now and shouldn otk now enough
aboutt heP residenste'xsu arle lationswhiitphM s.L ewinsktyo d eclariet s
contenats e xploitatTihvee k.i nkeyn countedress cribiendt heS tarRre ­
port soulnidk een countelrost osf p eoplien p eerr elatihoinpsse njov
II.Ll 1"..JIGS0 RDIN.-\RY
Broadldye finedl,y inign cludienst entiofnaalls ificaatnidod ne ceitful
concealmentT.o1 l1i ei st om akef alsset atemenotrst oc onceatlh et ruth
knowinglvyo,l untarainldyw itha ni ntenttod eceivSeo.d efinedl,y inigsa
perfectolryd inaeryv etn12 Peopllei ea ltlh et ime.L iarlsi eb,u tt heya re
not alonOer.d inarpye oplweh o valuaen dp ractiac hei ghd egreoef h on­
esla:l\s1lo i eS.o me highlrye gradedp rofessionaalssa sleieem inrge quire-
11S eeB oK,L \1'-iGs,u pnrao t5e, a t1 3-1(6e mphasiiznitnegn tioinnad leifti\­·
nitioofnl yinsge)a;el Ps"..o. LE'KLJ \.L"T.E.LNL,I NLGI EsC:L uEsT O DEcEITI 'T.H.E: \ hR­
KETPL"..PCo:LEI,T ICAJ'lSD, M. -\R.RI. AGE 25-4(21 985[)h ereinEaKft..'l.e ., rT\E .LLL:-I\-..: LcI ES]
(emphasidzeicnegi tfualscn heasrsa cteorfil sptnigc) .
12.S eBeAI LEYs.u pnroat 5e, a t6 8( T"heh abito fp rotecctoinvcee alm.e..ni ts
ubiquitoaunsd,t heriesn othiunngc ommoanb outi to ra boutt hea ccompaimn g
itctho p enetrtahtepe r ivaocfoy t he"r);sC .H.-\RLEVS .F oRD,L IES'L,I Es'L'I,E s''':
THE PsYCHOLOGOYF DECEIT4 (9196()c ommenttihnaget i ·eryloine;esD .)"..\'\'yI.D
BERGT,H E \'..-\R '-.;ISHETDR UTH:T RL1TTHE LLIN.G-\J '-:0 DECEI'.\.:lGI "0 RDI'.AR.Y:L IF1E1
(9193)(s tattihnagdt e cepthiaosnu npsokerno lien e i·erytwheid nog)B ;e ll\a1.
DePaou elta l.Ly,i nign E velL)ifde7a0,J) O F PERSO".i'.L:I.TY& Soc:P.s >CHOL9.7 9.
993( 1996()e xplaitnhianrtge searscuhb jetcotlssd e verlailed sa ilv)
166 VrLL\l\"LO-w,V·ARE viEV\' [Vol4.4 p:. 1 61
mento ft heiwro rkH. Physiciaannsd nurselsi et op atienttose aset heir
distr1e-+s sSociapls ychologliisteto sr esearscuhb jecitnss tudioefsh uman
beha\ior.L1a5w enforcemenotf ficiallise t o criminal sustpoe ecnt­s
couragceo operatiaonnd c olleec'ti dence.D1i6p lomatasn dg overnment
bureaucraltiset og aina dvantagoev erf oreiggno vernmentisn i nterna­
tionaalf fairsL.a1w7y erlsa \1fuclolnyc eatlr uthusn favorabtloet heicrl i­
entsf,o ri ndeedi,nt hea dversasryys tem",t hev eryi nstitutifornaamle work
ofa legaSYls temm ay be usedt oh idet het rut.h. .. 1"8
The frequenacnvd s ignificanocfde e cepotni isn ott hes amei ne very
segmenotf t hep opulatioornf ora llp ersonaltiytpye sb,u tm en,w omen
and childreonf a llc ulturaanld economicb ackgrounldise 1YW omen,
who typicaelnlgya gein a greatenru mbero fs ociailn teractitohnasnm en,
may liem ore ofttehna nm en.�0S mallc hildrmeany liem oreo ftetnh an
typicaadlu lts�L�y inga nd relatefdo rmso fd eceptio"na ppear[t]o b e
normalr athetrh ana bnormala, w orkadaavt tribuotfe p racticianlt elli-
13.S eAel anR van, ProfessLiioanra6ls3 ,S oc.R Es.6 206,25-4(11 996()i llustrat­
ingt hapth ysicialnasw,Y earnsd p oliticliiaein nsp rofessicoonnatle x).ts
!4.S eejenniferjadT.eslolni!,nh gi'T nt!1h,7J .o F :vrw.r HJECS 5,5 -9 (1991)
(discusshionwg m edicaplr ofessiolniael)s.
15.S eeg eneraJ.l-l\y\ IHE.SK oR:-<,l LLUSIOO"iSF Rr�-\LITY: A HISTORYo F DECEP­
TION It-; Socr.-\PLs YCHOLOG1Y 1(9 97)( discuss1i·nagr iowuasv ss ociaslc ientists
deceivteh eirre searscuhb jects).
16.S l'NYeB ERGs,u prnao te1 ::2.at 1 85-8(8c ommentionng d eceptiionnp olice
lv·ork).
17.5 'eeWP.e teRro binsLoyni,n ign t heP ublDiocm ain3,6 Ar.BrEH..-\ \·. SciENTIST
c)593,6 2-6(51 993[)h ereinaRfotbeirn soLny,i ngi nt heP ubliDco main(]c omment­
ingo n lyinign p ubliacf fairSls'l')o !:s njoHONR. .'-1.P'\RNE,S IDENTiS.E·C\RI:L: C:A.J"iYO DE­
CEPTION 7( 1980()d iscussliinegas n dw ithholdionfgi nformatitoo nm aintain
positipvueb lipce rsona).
18.R obinsofn),i nign t hPeu blDioc1 11osiunj,; nmo te1 7a,t 3 66s;e He. R .jchard
UvilleTrh,e L awyears L iar1,3 CRL\,J1u.s T.E THICS'2 ,1 05( 1994()o pinintgh at
·'purmeolrya lc onsideratdioo nnost i 1wariacbolmym ands trihcotn estyb,u"tl aw­
yersr'o leosf i nfluen"cient hea ffaiorfgs o vernmentc,o mmercea,n dt hep rivate
liveosft hep eopled"e mands crupuloautst entitooan c curacy).
19.S eeb 1:-.<c _.,_;,DoE CEPTJO;"l:-.; EHR\n-L\YIFE 21 (MichaLele wi&s Carolyn
Saarnie ds.1,9 93[)h ereinafLYtI0:eGr "-''-'D DECEPTIOI]': (discussdiencge ptiionn
non-vVestceurlnw res\)\:'P E.T ER ROBII"SOC.:, DECEIT, DELUSIOI,". -\o'-'0 DETECTIO7N7 -
/8,1 69-7(41 996[)h ereinaRfOtBIe"irS0 0:, DECEIT]( sameV)i; ctoZrn akovC,o mpre­
hensioofnL iesA. ·R ussian \'iewi,n S T.-\TEOSF :Vli:-mA::, IERIC..·-\u"i '-'POo sT-SO\lET
PERSPECTIo\c-;TS Co "!TE:\IPOR.>J.ZY IssLTISN PsYCHOLOG7Y9 -8(2D ianFe. H alper&i n
,--\lexancEl.Ve ori skounsekeyl s1.9,9 7)[h ereinaSfTt.eurE osF MI"iO(]p resenting
Russiavine wD)e;b oraAh. K ash&Y Bell:aV ID.eP aul.o \\'hoLi7e0sJ �.O. F P ERSON.--\L ­
ITY & Soc.P swH OL..1 037I,0 37( 1 996()L" yinig sa facotf s ocilailf rea thetrh ana n
extraorcl·oi rnu anr;usuaelv ent.'')
20.S el'b r"c .-\:"D DECEPTIOs"i,u jn;omt e1 9,a t1 9-2102,6 -4(7d iscusssienxg
differenrceegsa rdifnrge quenocfvl vingD)e:P auleot a l.s.u prnao te1 2,a t9 80-81
(commentionng sexd ifferenicnel sy ing).
21.S efRo BI"i:-;o :--:D, ECEIT,s upmn ote1 9,a t4 0-7(3d iscusshion\.g,a ndw hen
childrleena rnt Ol ie:)\.:b igFa.iS lt richa&r tRzo ger\B'u.r tonL,ie sa ndT mth:A
Studoyft hDe e·uelopomftl' hneCt o nce6j1JCI H,I LDD E12·1.1 2,1 1-2(01 990()p resenting
studoyf w henc hildrbeeng itno u sec oncepotfst rutahn dd ecepti.o n)
1999] L'l�1GT OP ROTEPCRIVT.-\ CY 176
genec.2"� Peoplweh o liteo om ucho r toloit etl strei kuass u nkiln.c-1� :
Studiseusg gestth aatv eragAem ericawnisl la dmitt ot ellinagtl aesta
couploefl ieas daayn, da ctuya tlellmlo re-.l�L ynigi sf requenatn dp eTYa­
siYbee causietw o rksL.y nig\ vorbkes causeeve n expeerniecdl idee teocrst
cand istingluiiesfsrho mt rutohn yl abouhta ltfh et ime.N�o"t a llli e\sv ork
thouhg.T herea rem anyr easownhsy l iefsai .l2i lOurl iefsai lb ecaustehy e
ared icsoveredor w e gioveu srevlesa wavt hroughf aciaelx preisos,nd e­
meanro oro utrigchotne fssion.27
IIIT.H ET RcTH-TELuNBct -\I.N sv \'Es.T'EE-R'T Hisc
Despei tthep revaelnceo fl ynig,w estemrno ralt arditigoennse arllayd ­
vocaet trutehl-ltionvge rl iyn.g Securl maoraliss atndt hoelogiahnasn�
writteexnt esnivealbyo utth e ailda end aucatle thiocfsl iyng2.:T-; heC ath­o
litch eogliocatlar diticoonn seinsttlrye garldiysn ga sa grae\ sni.T heC ath­
olidco ctrnied oesh,ow evre,a ppeatroa llw osomeu ntruthufla ssretioonns
cetraionc acsoinsC.J�T heJ eusist areo ftena soscaitedwi tht hed ocrtinoef
"menatl reasteirovn.T"h ipse rmsio tnet os peafka lseolry mliesadilnvsg,o
2'2.:'\ YBERl>;ll,j nnrtot e1 2a,t 1 .
23.S ePP, f;. .B .L\EIYs,u jnan oetS,a t6 9 (T"hec orrecatn s,,[·etur' h[]m1·a re
yout ocalv:·) . isJ ustF ine'' Pri·a1civsa must, ei1n·s eufnf reingA.. s uer 11·tao; ·
disconcte irnqiureiss to tellt hemh owi nf acty ou are "). We expetc np,ple
whomw e do notk noww eltlo l iteo uasb outth eihre ahl atnlcs uTferin.g . \pipd .
(dsicsusinlgv into gp rotepcrti· a1yc).
'24.S ePF oR,Ds ujnan me 1'2a,t 4 ("Ab ookb aseodn pao lolf A .mericans
claimtehd a9t0 %o ft hep eopel poldl aedmitetdt hatth e,\, ·edreec eilfLuile.s.
includlevdi nagb ouotn es' . .s.ex l ie f.. .')' ;sP eal soD ePauJett,.a. !1 1 1jn1r1!ltJJ t 12,
at9 84( ''(o]gJees tduenstr eportleyndig i na pproxaitme]o\n eo uto fe 1en threoef
theisro ciiantle ract.ia onndsp eoplfero m thec ommuni\t lieidn ooneu to fe'1e n
fi\seo iclai ntaecriton"s)..
25.::> eeF ORsOuj,m; note1 2a,t 1 9-7235( discsuisnlgi dee tecst)or.
26.S eeP aulE kmanD,e cpetioLny,i n,ga nd Demeannr,i nS TA.TEOS F\ li'<sDuj.m;
note1 9,a t9 3,99[ hereniafteEkrm an,D ecpetio(nc]o mmentinugn resaonwsh vl ise
fa)il;Pa uElk man,\ h-lyD on'tWe CatcLhi a?r6,3s S ocR.E s1.) 10.SO <:l-1(61 996)[ here­
infateErk manC,a cth· L(mi] (smae).
27.S ePg enelmfEyi ,.�-'I.T.ENL.L :-I-JLGi ES,s upran ote1 1a,t8 0-16(1di scsuisnhg0 11
lise ared eteecdt by bodyl agnuagea ndf aicalex perssion)s;R m�1�OS!,' -D:Ec:EIT,
supnrao et 19a,t 74-105 (asme).
28.S egPn tlelmBy. -LE'.Y.,s! upran ote5 (disucssnige thsi ocfl i\ng:)B oK.L Y"'tc,
sujnan ote 5( asme);A usoNL EIGHBR OW:---J,S uBEJCTSO FD ECEIT.-:-\P t!E'-:OE\:\IOL.­
ocyO F LYING (1998)( smae);iV L\RCEEcLK ,L iEASf" D TRt.'T(H 9170)( smae)T:! Z\.RI L
KuR-\.:--.1P,RI \.'-\TET RL'THPSu,B ucL IEsT:H E Soc-'.L.CLo :--.:sLE.-.QE::r::sc or PREFER:E:c:-.E
FA LSIFI:C.-i\oT:--.: (1995)( smae);N YBERG,s uHjan ote1 2( sam)e;L oY.I.\R u:.B Y TilE
GR\-CEO F GLC�L.TEH: ER oLE OF DEcEPTIOIl'i!'-: :- -;ATLR.i·\HL ITSORY .'.:·\D HL"1\.-A\r:\­
FAJR(S 1994)( asme)R;o berCt. S olomonH,h' aat T angledH i-b.D eu'tjiJoann lrS ell
Dec;etjiiunPn hi olsopihnLy Y,:-I -.:c.\ NDD rc:ETPIO.f"s ujm; note1 9.at 30-�S (<asme):
Mary� I'othesri,lS lomeQ uestioA1bo1su tT rujitthsls{n// elLd_ iYn.g() ;S�oc:R.E s9. 1.:191-3
41( 199fi)( sam)e;B ernard vlVilimas,T rt·huP,oli tcis, n(/ dS P{IDnejtJio6n:1,S oc.. R Es.
6036,03-17 (1996)( sam)e;Za gorni,s u;jran ote 2,a t8 63-19'2( qme).
29.S ePZ agorni,s upran ote'2 ,a t8 69-77, -890947( discssuinPgro testatCn hris­
tina persepcteisvo n dissimula)t.io n
168 VILLANLAOwV AR EVIEW [Vol--1:.4 : 1p61.
lonags o nem akeas mentanlo teo ft het ruht.30T hes tadnadr exampleo f
whent hidso ctrniem aya ppliyst hes tiuatiionnw hicah m urderer comes
toy our dolooro kifnorgs omeoney ouk now tob ea th ome.v \neans keidf
thei netndedv ictiims haotm e,i ti sp emrissibtloes ayt hatthe inetnded
wictiims n ota,s l onags y ou maak mee natln otteh awth aty our ealmleya n
ist hatth ei netndedv ictiims at home, fbourtt h epn uoprto seosf t he
murdeerr.T heC ahtolitce ahcinigs t hat ymoauyl ioer e quYiocatient his
situatbieocna utseh et rtuhi ss ought by sowmheoosneue nj usti netntions
denyh imo rh ert he rigtht oi t.
TheG ermanp hiolsohperI mmanueKlan ta dvcoaetda na bsoulte,c a­t
egoridcauylt t os peake ttrhtuhv vtihourte gartdot hec onseqnucese."H1e
rjeectetdh en otiotnh aitti sj ust ltiote o tuhneju stp,o initngo utt haatn
outcomweo rsteh atn he onel itahhroe p etdo a vercto ulcdo mea bouats a
consequenofct eh el ie2. F3ore xamples,u ppsoey out eltlh em urderer
thatth e tienndevdic tiims n ota th ome,h oping mtilos aedt hem urderer
ands endt hem urdeor n hoirsh erw ay.U nknwon toy out,h ev ictmi is
climbingo foa u sti dwei ndow,h opintgo e scpae whilveo ud itsractth e
murdereRre.l nygio ny oulr ieth,e murderelre vaest he housee,n coutners
thev ictima tetmpitngt oe scapaen dk iltlhse v ictimH.a d vout oltdh e
turtht,h em urderemri ghhta vec omei nisdet os earcthhe houseg, invgi
thev ictitmi mteo c ompltee aens cpae.33
Mostc onetmpoarryp hisloophse wrhoh avet aekn utph es ujqecotf
"
liyn-gF.GB.a ileyS,i3s4s eBloak ,5 3ChristiKnoer sgrada,��6D aviNdy breg,�
�0.S Pei da.t8 99( descirbinJge sudiotc rtnieo f' "metnalr eserivoan't').
31. SeeC hristiMn.eK orsgrada,T heR igtht oL ieK:a nto nD mlinWgi tFhv i1l5,
PHI.L P& uBA.F.F .3 253,2 6( 1896)( sattintgh aKta nte ndorsde claitmh aotn em ust
nevetre llli eusn dearn yc ircuamnscteosr f or anyp UI-p)os.Be uste eM aclntvre,
supnmo et 2,a t3 44-4(5c iintgs cholarsshuigpg esttihnagKt a nt',s·e \iIm'aSv ha,·e
beenl esesx tremeea rliyn hciasr ere).
32.S PeK orsgrada,s uprnao et 31a,t 3 26( describtiwnoog f K ant'esx amploefs
persno'lsi cea usinlgse sd esaibrlceo nsequneces.)
�3.S eeI mmanueKla nt,O n a SuppoRsiegdth t oL ifer om Phinlhtaropiyn,h i\-1:-\--:.­
L.EKL-\ NT: PR.T-\IC:(LA PHILOPSHOY6 05,6 13( MaryJ .G regoreedel .1,9 69)( T"o be
trutuhlfi na ll ldaercoatnisi st hreeforae s acrecdo mmand roefao sn prsecrbiing
uncondintailoloyn,e n ott ob e restricbtyea dn yc onevniensc".e); sPea sloK or­
sgaarsudp, ran ote3 1a,t 3 2-627( discunsgsK iant'sfa mouse ssaOyn SupposeRdi gth to
Lifer mo ,4ltruAi1sotteiisrav nd" murder-eartth-eo-dorh"y pothieactl).
3':1.S ee 8.L-\EIYs,u pmn ote5 ,a t1 3( maknigp ointth taw rongfulnesso fl iies
funcitono fi st conseeqnuces and lmioatirv'aisto sn).
35.S eeB oK,L' lNlC,m pmn oet 5,a t4 7-115( discusswihniegt l iegso.o d euxsces,
justiictaotnia ndc risiinestr vnetion).
::16S.e eK orsagar,ds upran ote3 1a,t3 30( "Iitsp ermsiisbltoeli e to decei,ersi n
ordetor counetractth ei netnderde slutosf t heidre ceipotn.s .. " ).
37 ..' )NeYeB ERGs,u JjTan ote1 2,a t1 12-94( emphasiziinmgp ortarnolte o f de­
ceptiionnc ivyi,lpi aterntinfgri,e nsdhipa,l truiasnmdl awe nfocremen)t.
199]9 LY0:IGT O PROTECPTRN ACY 169
AJasdariM aclnytrea3n8d M ary Motherls!9i, t3on amea veryf ew-havea r­
guedt hatLh e\ \Tnognesosfl iyngi st os omee xtnetc ontienngtu pont he
cricumasntcesT.h ey typiacllcyo ncleu tdha\tv-,hi lleiy ngi ss omeitmesj usit­
fiablet,h eb ettemr orapl rinicpliest hat we sshrtoiuvltedo wartdh eh igh­
estp ossibldee greeosf h onseyt ino urp ubliacn dp rivatlevi es40 vVe
shoulbde h onesitn d elains g-v\tih ourf riensd,f amiliceosw,o rkresf,el ml\'
ciitzenasn dg ovrenment\.N es houladl sboe h oneswti tohu srevles41I n
e\e rydayl ief,j udgmensta boutth em orailtyo fp arctuilairn asntcseo fl ynig
seemt od epenudp onw hoi sd ointgh e nlgy (ieg.,a freinda, chilad ,
thi)e,wf hatt hel ynigc oncern(s.e g,s exh,e alht,b usniessa)n dw hoi sb e­
ingle idt o( .e.ga, d ynigp aiten,at judge, raa kceteer_)
V\l1yi st rutehl-nltgib etetra sa rulteh alny nig�P hisloophse hrave ar­
gued tihndaiti vduaslhso uladv oidl eist op romoet knowledgeo f tthreu th
abouotu srelveasn do thes rini mportantr ealtoinshi4p2st ,os hwo respect
form oralp esronsd'i gnyi atsr aotinalh umanb enigsa ndt oa chvieei nteg­
rtiya nds e-lerfspectE.x4p3re tasl scoo ntentdha "ts coiye itsb etteirf t ruth­
tellpirnegva ilasst her ulei np ublaincd p rivataefaf isr,4" f4ort rtuhe-tlling
enocuragets het rsutt haitsa basifso rm utualr eliainncce o mmecreg,o ­v
ernment,so icale alnidff amili4e5s
38.S eeM acltnryes,pu ran oet 2,a t3 5-758( U"pholdt rutuhlfnsesi na lylo ur
acitonbsv beinugn qulaifiedtlryu tuhlfi n aylolu rr eltaionshainpdsb yl iyngt o
aggressoonlrysi no rdetro p rotetchto ster uthfrueallti onshiapgasi nsagtg ressors,
ande vent hen only lwynhigei nst hel eashtar m thacta na ffroda n feefctive de­
fensea gainsatg greosns.i"-)
39.S feM othesrilslu,p rnaoet 28,at 9 2-425( dsicusnsgit heoy rocfo nseuqen­
tialiascmc,o rditnow gh icwhr ongensso fl idee pensd uponi st consequesn)c_e
40S_e Be. L-'JEYs,u prnoaet 5,a t2 7( descirbintgh estihsa "ts[ ]ociye itsb etteirf
trutthel linpgr evaaislt sh er ulien p ubliacn dp rivaatfefi asr");M aciynrt,es upra
noet 2,a t3 57( sugegstitnhga pte opllei miuste loife tsoi nstanciensw hicthh ey
arel eashatr mfulw ayt oa voida ggrseisno)_
41_Se eD a\idS hapirOon,t hPesy chloogoyfS elfDteicoe6np3S, o c.REs . 785,7 85-
99( 1996)( tsatitnhga cto ssto fs e-ldfeceipotno urweibgehn efits;s )eael Wsioll imas,
supnroat 2e8 ,a t6 1-516 (discunsgsc iollievcsete ldfe-ceptaimoonn gp oliictiamnes­,
diaa nda udiecnesa ndi tesff ecto fs ubvenrgtr ieatlr u)th_
42_S ee:vl aclnytres,pu rnao et 2,at 3 5-354( tsantgit hattr utuhlfnsesi nr elation­
shispo ughttO bper omoetdb ecauswee needt ol erano f our ionwetnl clteuaaln d
morald eficiensc,ti ohe avei ntegriatscy r tiicasn dt oa voicdo rruptinpgo wero f
fanstya)_
43.S eeK orsgaasrud,p nroaet 31a,t 3 33( ntointgh autn deKarn tiapne srpe­c
ti\c·oee,cr ioann d decepatriemo ons tfu ndamenatlf ormosf w rongdoinbgec ause
thecya usoet hest rob eu sedf orl iare'nsds w ithouatl lionwgt hemt oc hoosfere eyl
toc ontributtole iare'nsds )_
44_B AILEsYpu,r nao et 5,a t2 7_
45.S eeB oK,L\ 1NG,s uprnoaet 5,a t2 6-2-8,3 15,0 9,5 9-7,1 26-28,1 42,1 64,1 76,
178 (stattihnagtt r utuhlfenssl ensdt of oundationo fh uman reliaotnhsipasn dt hat
institutiloanpssw ehc eonlt rtuhuflnsesi sr emoevd_)