Table Of ContentLu’s Basic ToxicoLogy LK
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Fundamentals, Target organs, and Risk assessment E
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Sixth Edition E
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Lu’s Basic
about the book
This sixth edition of the bestselling book Lu’s Basic Toxicology is a must-read for toxicology specialists
worldwide. Based on the format started by Dr Frank Lu nearly three decades ago, Professor Sam Kacew and L
Professor Byung-Mu Lee build upon the principles and research, offering their own experience of teaching u
toxicology into the mix. Broken down into four sections, the book provides authoritative guidance on Toxicology
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principles and procedures as well as a concise yet detailed coverage of both target organ and non-target s
organ toxicities. The book is rounded off with a final section on the harmful effects of chemicals and
risk assessment, giving toxicologists, both students and practicing professionals, the necessary tools to B
enhance their practice.
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This edition introduces new chapters on Toxicology of the Endocrine System and Nanotoxicity, providing
the essentials of these topics in the same style as the other chapters in the book. With separate subject and s
chemical indexes, this is a useful, quick shelf reference for everyone working in toxicology today. i Fundamentals, Target organs,
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about the authors
and Risk assessment
Professor Sam Kacew, B.Sc.(McGill), M.Sc.(Ott.), Ph.D.(ibid.) T
University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada o
Professor of Toxicology and Associate Director of Toxicology at the Institute of Population Health Risk
Assessment, the University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Toxicology x Sixth Edition
and Environmental Health, North American Editor of Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, and
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Associate Editor of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Professor Kacew is also Member of the Board of c
Environmental Studies of the National Academy of Sciences, as well as Member of the Scientific Advisory
Committee of the National Flame Retardant Association. He is the author of over 100 papers, reviews, and o
book chapters, and has been a peer reviewer for the Environmental Protection Agency and the National
Institutes of Health. Professor Kacew has received numerous awards, including the Achievement Award of
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the Society of Toxicology of Canada, the Colgate-Palmolive Visiting Professorship Award, and the Public
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Communications Award of the Society of Toxicology.
Professor Byung-Mu Lee, B.S., M.S., M.S.P.H., Dr.P.H. g
College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
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Professor of Toxicology at Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea. He is Associate Editor of the Journal
of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Associate Editor of Food and Chemical Toxicology and an Editorial
board member of Environmental Health Perspectives. Professor Lee is also Research Advisor of the Korean Sam Kacew
Food and Drug Administration, Committee Advisor for the Department of Human Health and Services, S
and a Councillor for the International Association of Environmental Mutagen Society. He is the President of i
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the organizing committee, International Congress of Toxicology (ICT) XIII. He is a Nominating Committee Byung-Mu Lee
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member of the International Union of Toxicology and Deputy member of the Korean Pharmaceutical h
Society. He is the author of over 180 papers, reviews, and book chapters. Professor Lee has received
numerous awards, including the Young Scientist Award, Brookhaven Symposium and the Yun Ho Lee E
Award of Scientific Merit.
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119 Farringdon Road, London EC1R 3DA, UK
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Lu’s Basic Toxicology
Lu’s Basic Toxicology
Fundamentals, Target Organs,
and Risk Assessment
SixthEdition
Sam Kacew
University of Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada
Byung-Mu Lee
College of Pharmacy,
Sungkyunkwan University,
Seoul, South Korea
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140404
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-84184-954-6 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can
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ance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided
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Frank C. Lu
1915–2011
Consulting Toxicologist in Food Additives, Pesticides, and Environmental
Chemicals, Consulting Toxicology, Miami, Florida, USA, and Managing
Editor of the journal Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, published
from China. Dr. Lu’s work in the fi eld of toxicology has been recognized on
numerous occasions. He was a recipient of the International Achievement
Award from the International Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology.
He also received the Magnolia Award from the Shanghai Municipal
Government for his work in the advancement of preventive medicine,
specifi cally in the promotion of occupational safety and environmental
health. In addition, the Frank C. Lu Foundation for Advancement of
Preventive Medicine was established in China to honor him.
In conjunction with his work in toxicological testing and assessment,
Dr Lu taught toxicology courses in several countries, notably Canada,
China, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Table of Contents
Preface ix
PART I: General Principles of Toxicology
1. General considerations 1
2. Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants 12
3. Biotransformation of toxicants 27
4. Toxic effect 42
5. Modifying factors of toxic effects 59
PART II: Testing Procedures for Conventional
and Nontarget Organ Toxicities
6. Conventional toxicity studies 73
7. Carcinogenesis 87
8. Mutagenesis 109
9. Developmental toxicology 125
10. Lactation 137
PART III: Target Organs and Systems
11. Toxicology of the immune system 149
12. Respiratory system inhalation toxicology 160
13. Toxicology of the liver 170
14. Toxicology of the kidney 181
15. Toxicology of the skin 192
vii
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
16. Toxicology of the eye 202
17. Toxicology of the nervous system 213
18. Reproductive and cardiovascular systems 229
19. Toxicology of the endocrine system 244
PART IV: Toxic Substances and Risk Assessment
20. Food additives and contaminants 262
21. Toxicity of pesticides 277
22. Nanotoxicity 293
23. Toxicity of metals 305
24. Over-the-counter preparations 327
25. Environmental pollutants 335
26. Occupational toxicology 347
27. Toxicological evaluation 361
Preface
Toxicology is an important science. It provides a sound basis for formulating
measures to protect the health of workers against toxicants in factories, farms, mines,
and other occupational environments. It is also valuable in the protection of public
health hazards associated with toxic substances in food, air, and water. Toxicology has
played and will continue to play a signifi cant role in the health and welfare of the
world. World Health Organization, being cognizant of the importance of toxicology,
organized a toxicology training course in China in 1982, as part of the ongoing China–
WHO collaborative program on medical sciences. One of the authors (FCL) was
invited to lectures on basic toxicology. The fi rst edition of this book originated from
those lecture notes.
Over the years, a number of important developments have occurred in toxicology.
Furthermore, some readers of the book have suggested that discussions on certain
groups of important chemicals and toxicants would not only provide some general
knowledge of these substances, but also facilitate a deeper appreciation of the various
aspects of toxicology. The book has received worldwide acceptance, as evidenced by its
repeated editions and reprintings, and by the appearance of its version in six foreign
languages (Chinese, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, and Taiwan Chinese).
This new edition has been further updated and expanded to include new
chapters on toxicology of the endocrine system and nanotoxicology. Thus, there are
chapters on lactation, over-the-counter products, and occupational toxicology, as well
as a section describing the symptomatology of the Gulf War Syndrome and the prob-
able toxicants implicated. The other chapters have been updated/expanded, notably
those on carcinogenesis, developmental toxicology, immuno logy, food additives and
contaminants, environmental toxicology, and safety/risk assessment. However, details
of some toxicity tests have been abbreviated to keep the size of the book within bounds;
the retained material is intended to portray more clearly the effects of toxicants.
It is hoped that these additions and updates will enhance the usefulness of the
book. In making these changes, the authors have kept in mind the broad aim of the fi rst
edition, namely, brevity and relatively comprehensive coverage of the subjects. Thus
the book continues to serve as an updated introductory text for toxicology students and
for those in the stream of allied sciences who require a background in toxicology.
Furthermore, as toxicology is a vast subject and is fast expanding, the book is likely to
be useful to those who have become specialized in one or more areas in toxicology but
wish to brush up in some other areas. The extensive chemical index and subject index
will facilitate the retrieval of specifi c topics.
Sam Kacew
Byung-Mu Lee
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