ltivariate Methods in Aquaculture Research

232 Pages·2004·6.04 MB·English

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ltivariate Methods in Aquaculture Research:
f*
Case Studies of Tilapias
in Experimental and Commercial Systems
Edited by
M. Prein
data
G.
D. Pauly
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
PHILIPPINES
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION BUNDESMINISTERIUM FUR WIRTSCHAFTLICHE
ZUSAMMENARBEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG (BMZ)
ISRAEL
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
207
Multivariate Methods in Aquaculture
SF -7k
Research: Case Studies of Tilapias
i t f z ~
in Experimental and Commercial Systems
&, 1
Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic
Resources Management (ICLARM), MCPO Box 2631,
0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines;
Agricultural Research Organization (ARO),
The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;
and Bundesministerium fiir Wirtschaftliche
Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ), Karl-Marx-Strasse 4-6,
D-5300 Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany.
Printed in Manila, Philippines
Prein, M., G. Hulata and D. Pauly, Editors. 1993. Multivariate methods in
aquaculture research: case studies of tilapias in experimental and
commercial systems. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 20, 221 p.
ISSN 0115-4389
ISBN 971-1022-85-0
Cover design by Mark Prein and Angela Egold. Picture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) is a computerized image of this species as provided in FishBase,
ICLARM's comprehensive database on fishes of the world (digitization artist:
Robbie Cada).
ICLARM Contribution No. 669
Dedicated to the memory
of
Dr. Balfour Hepher
(19 25-1 9 88)
Contents
..
...........................................................................................................
ICLARM Foreword R.S.V. Pullin vu
...
ARO Foreword Y. Folman ...................................................................................................................... v u
..................................................................................................................
BMZ Foreword H.-J. de Haas ix
On the Use of Multivariate Statistical Methods in Aquaculture Research
...................................................................................................
M. Prein, G. Hulata and D. Pauly 1
Methods of Multivariate Analysis
Multiple Regression Analysis of Aquaculture Experiments Based
on the "Extended Gulland-and-Holt Plot": Model Derivation,
Data Requirements and Recommended Procedures
D. Pauly, M. Prein and K.D . Hopkins ...................................................................................1 3
Factor and Canonical Correlation Analyses: Basic Concepts,
............................................
Data Requirements and Recommended Procedures A. Milstein 24
Two New Approaches for Examining Multivariate Aquaculture
Growth Data: the "Extended Bayley Plot" and Path Analysis
M. Prein and D. Pauly ............................................................................................................. 32
Applications of Multivariate Analysis
to Experimental Data
Multiple Regression and Path Analysis of Nile Tilapia Growth
.........................................
in Integrated Livestock-Fish Culture in the Philippines M. Prein 50
Factor and Canonical Correlation Analysis of Nile Tilapia Production
in Integrated Livestock-Fish Culture in the Philippines
A. Milstein and M. Prein .................................................................................................. 67
Multivariate Analysis of Tilapia Growth Experiments in Israel,
...............................................................................................
Zambia and Peru M. Prein 75
Multiple Regression Analysis of Growth of Tilapia rendalli in Polyculture
with Oreochromis shiranus as Affected by Water Quality and Pond Inputs
...........................................................
B.A. Costa-Pierce, A.A. van Dam and M.V. Kapeleta 88
Multivariate Analysis of Growth of Juvenile Tilapia Oreochromis aureus
and 0. niloticus, Cichlidae, Reared in Recirculating Systems
G. Mair and D. Pauly .............................................................................................................. 97
Instantaneous Mortalities and Multivariate Models: Applications to Tilapia
Culture in Saline Water K.D. Hopkins and D. Pauly ........................................................ 105
Multiple Regression Analysis of Relationships Between Management Inputs
and Fish Yield or Profit in Fish Polyculture Experimental Ponds
................................................................................
G. Hulata, A. Milstein and A. Goldman 112
Applications of Multivariate Analysis
to Commercial Systems
Factor Analysis and Canonical Correlation Analysis of Fish Production
...................................................
in Commercial Farms in Israel A. Milstein and G. Hulata 119
Multiple Regression Analysis of Fish Yield and Profit in Commercial
Fish Farms in Israel A. Milstein, A. Goldman and G. Hulata ........................................ 161
Multiple Regression and Path Analysis of Tilapia Growth in Commercial
Fish Farms in Israel M. Prein and A. Milstein ..................................................................... 178
Multiple Regression Analysis of Growth and Production of
Oreochromis niloticus in Net Cages in Lake Sampaloc, Philippines
L.V. Aquino-Nielsen, A.S. Manrique-Pempengco and M. Prein ............................................ 189
Appendices
I Reprint of: A method for the analysis of pond growth experiments
D. Pauly and K.D. Hopkins (ICLARM Newsletter 6(1):10-12; 1983),with
...............
comments by L. Lovshin and reply by D. Pauly (ICLARM Newsletter 7(2):30; 1984) 199
.................
I1 Documentation of Available 5-114" MS-DOS Data Diskettes on the Analyzed Data 204
I11 Indexes Prepared by F.S.B. Torres, Jr.
Author Index .....................................................................................................................2..1.. 7
Geographic Index ..................................................................................................................2 19
Species Index ....................................................................................................................... 220
ICLARM Foreword
One of the goals of ICLARM is the development of appropriate quantitative methods for the general area
of tropical fisheries and aquaculture research.
Outside of ICLARM, the need for the development of such methods is widely acknowledged with regard to
fisheries, but this is not so for aquaculture, perhaps because it is often perceived as requiring methods and
approaches that are site- or species-specific.
The present volume, the result of fruitful cooperation between the Agricultural Research Organization
(ARO) and ICLARM, and of generous support by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and
Development (BMZ), may help redress the methodological imbalance between fisheries and aquaculture
research, and initiate more work on methods applicable to both fields. This volume emphasizes the following
points:
Although aquaculture can be very site-specific, there are many questions that can be tackled on a
comparative basis, across sites - given that suitable concepts and quantitative methods are applied.
Aquaculture experiments and commercial production systems generate a large amount of data that are
not only suitable for computer-based quantitative analysis, but actually require such analysis, just as
with the massive catch and catch composition datasets generated by commercial fisheries.
The standard methods used by aquaculturists to analyze their experimental results - Latin square and
related designs for the experimental layout, ANOVA for analysis of yields, absolute or relative growth
rates for analysis of fish growth in ponds, etc. - may generally fail to extract important information,
mainly because they cannot account for the multifactor, synergistic effects which only the analysis of
large datasets with multivariate methods can make visible.
ICLARM has given much emphasis, in its various aquaculture projects, to the tilapias, both as crucial
elements in aquaculture-agriculture integration schemes, and as test animals for genetic improvement of
organisms used in tropical aquaculture. I am therefore particularly pleased to see that this book documents our
emphasis on both methodology development and on tilapias in one volume.
I hope that the methods illustrated in this book will find wide application and be further developed. To
encourage this, a set of four diskettes has been assembled, which contains the data files used by the authors
of the various contributions assembled here. These diskettes are available for a nominal fee from ICLARM.
Finally, I take this opportunity to thank ARO, particularly Gideon Hulata and Ana Milstein, for their
cooperation in this project and BMZ for its unflagging support of the project which led to this book.
DR. ROGERS .V. PULLIN
Director
Aquaculture Program
ICLARM
vii
ARO Foreword
It is generally considered that aquaculture has the potential to generate additional, diverse sources of
protein for the growing human population, particularly in developing countries. With the aim to strengthen the
research base on tropical pond aquaculture systems, ARO of Israel's Ministry of Agriculture joined in with
ICLARM. On the Israeli side, this work was performed by the staff ofthe Fish and Aquaculture Research Station
at Dor. This work was part of a larger Aquaculture Project, funded by the Federal Republic of Germany-Israel
Fund for Agricultural Research in Third World Countries (GIARA), which is financed by BMZ.
The aim of the project was to retrieve available data from experiments and commercial farms from tropical
countries and Israel and to analyze these with new multivariate statistical methods. Israel has a long tradition
of pond aquaculture with fish species used in many tropical countries, notably tilapia and carp. The knowledge
and expertise gathered in Israel may be valuable for adaptation to the conditions prevailing in developing
countries. The results of the present analyses may in turn be of interest to Israeli fish farmers. I appreciate,
together with the authors, their participation and willingness to make their farm records available to the
present project.
I thank Dr. Ana Milstein and Dr. Gideon Hulata for their highly successful efforts in coordinating and
performing this project, and for cooperating so productively with the ICLARM counterparts, Dr. Daniel Pauly
and Dr. Mark Prein, to produce this fine volume.
Finally, I deeply appreciate the decision of the editors to dedicate this book to the memory of the late Dr.
Balfour Hepher, who has contributed significantly to the development of aquaculture and has forwarded the
idea of applying multivariate analysis to aquaculture research.
PROFESSYOERS HAYF OLMAN
Chief Scientist
Ministry of Agriculture
BMZ Foreword
Research for the benefit of developing countries is being supported by the Bundesministerium fiir
Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) in a wide range of fields and with a broad range of
partners. The incentive behind one line of such activities was the cooperation with Israeli scientists in the field
of agriculture, in this particular case of aquaculture, to develop aquaculture systems appropriate for tropical
and subtropical countries. This was performed in terms of the Aquaculture Project of the Federal Republic of
Germany-Israel Fund for Agricultural Research in Third World Countries (GIARA). A further cooperating
institution was the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in Manila. The
results presented in this volume are to a greater part the outcome of Subproject 1: Optimal Management of
Aquaculture Pond Systems in Developing Countries, Part 11: Multivariate Analysis of Existing Farm Datasets.
The project was suggested and negotiated by Dr. Martin Bilio of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and supported by Mr. Thomas Schurig of the BMZ. The smooth administrative
processing was done by Mrs. Miriam Bar-Lev of the Centre for International Development Coordination
(CINADCO) on the Israeli side and Dr. Claudia Wiedey of the German Council for Tropical and Subtropical
Agricultural Research (ATSAF), on the German side. All their efforts towards a successful functioning of the
project are gratefully acknowledged.
We are pleased that the activities of the cooperating scientists in Israel and from ICLARM harmonized so
well and led to this productive outcome, underlining the value of the results for scientists in developing
countries. The book contains a section in which the different methods used herein are described in detail, so as
to facilitate the application of these methods by other researchers, notably in the tropics and subtropics. The
examples in which the methods are applied cover a wide range of aquaculture types and systems.
From a donor's point of view, the cost- and resource- saving approach is welcomed as to sharing and using
available datasets as a basis for analysis work with the aim of extractingmore information from them than has
already beendone through the application of new methods or to use different analysismethods on the same data.
We therefore are happy that the project has been so successful and that the results are presented in such
a fine comprehensive form. We hope that these will find due appreciation in the scientific community, and are
proud that we have contributed to it.
DR. HANS-JD.E HAAS
BMZ