LTE-Advanced. A Practical Systems Approach to Understanding 3GPP LTE Releases 10 and 11 Radio Access Technologies

1122 Pages·2014·23.55 MB·English

LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
A Practical Systems Approach
to Understanding the
3GPP LTE Releases 10 and
11 Radio Access Technologies
Sassan Ahmadi
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Preface
The past two decades have witnessed a phenomenal paradigm shift in the design
methodology, and substantial improvement in the performance of mobile broad-
band wireless access technologies. With the increasing consumer demand for
diverse wireless multimedia and data applications, and mobile Internet, improved
quality and increasing capacity of the wireless networks have become a priority
for the standards development organizations such as 3GPP. 3GPP started the
development of the evolved packet system in late 2004, which subsequently
resulted in specification and standardization of a new OFDM-based radio access
network and an IP-based core network in 3GPP Rel-8, which was further
enhanced in the subsequent releases. LTE Rel-10 (i.e., LTE-Advanced) was sub-
mitted as a candidate to ITU-R by 3GPP, and was selected as an IMT-Advanced
technology in October 2010. The studies and research have continued in order to
further advance and improve radio access technologies beyond LTE Rel-10 and
HSPA Rel-10 by development of 3GPP Rel-11. The next generation of radio
access technologies, informally referred to as systems beyond IMT-Advanced, are
currently under investigation. Some of the main considerations in the design and
development of new radio interfaces include higher spectral efficiency by using
advanced multi-antenna technologies, carrier aggregation, distributed antenna sys-
tems, heterogeneous networks and small cells, energy efficiency and green radios,
as well as the use of cognitive radios and software-defined radios for more effi-
cient and flexible use of the radio spectrum. The systems beyond IMT-Advanced
will encompass the capabilities of previous generations, as well as new communi-
cation schemes such as machine-to-machine, machine-to-person, and person-to-
machine.
The framework for development of IMT-Advanced and systems beyond
IMT-Advanced can be viewed from multiple perspectives including the users,
manufacturers, application developers, network operators, and service and content
providers.From the user’s perspective, there is a demand for avarietyofservices,
content, and applications whose capabilities will increase over time. The users
expect services to be ubiquitously available through a variety of delivery mechan-
isms and service providers using a variety of wireless devices. From a service
provision perspective, the domains share some common characteristics. Wireless
service provision is characterized by global mobile access (terminal and personal
mobility), improved security and reliability, higher service quality, and access
to personalized multimedia services, Internet, and location-based services via one
or multiple user terminals. Multi-radio operation requires seamless interaction
xv
xvi Preface
among systems in order for the user to be able to receive/transmit a variety of
content via different delivery mechanisms, depending on the device capabilities,
location, and mobility, as well as user profile. Different radio access systems can
be interconnected via a flexible core network and appropriate interworking func-
tions. In this way, a user can be connected through different radio access systems
to the network and utilize the services. The interworking between different radio
access systems in terms of horizontal or vertical handover and seamless connec-
tivity with service negotiation, mobility, security, and quality of service manage-
mentare key requirements of radio-agnostic networks.
Similarity of services and applications across different radio access systems
is beneficial not only to users, but also to network operators and content provi-
ders, stimulating the current trend toward convergence. Furthermore, similar user
experience across different radio access systems leads to large-scale adoption of
products and services, common applications, and content. Access to a service or
an application may be performed using one system, or may be performed using
multiple systems simultaneously. The increasing predominance of IP-based appli-
cations has been a key driver for the convergence trend in the core network and
accessnetwork technologies.
The evolution of legacy IMT-2000 systems and the IMT-Advanced systems
has employed several new concepts and functionalities, including adaptive
modulation and coding and link adaptation, OFDM-based multiple access schemes,
single-/multi-user multi-antenna concepts and techniques, dynamic QoS control,
mobility management and handover between heterogeneous radio interfaces
(vertical and horizontal), robust packet transmission, error detection and correction,
multi-user detection, and interference cancellation. Systems beyond IMT-Advanced
may further utilize sophisticated schemes including software-defined radio and
reconfigurableRFandbasebandprocessing,adaptiveradiointerface,mobileadhoc
networks,routingalgorithms,andcooperativecommunication.
This book provides an in-depth description of 3GPP Rel-10/11 standards from
a systems engineering point of view. A unique top-down systems approach is
used to identify and describe the functional and protocol components of the 3GPP
Rel-10/11 radio access technologies, starting from the radio access and core net-
work architecture and then continuing with the theory of operation, interfaces,
and practical implementation and deployment considerations. The book contains
the background theoretical information about the operation of mobile stations,
base stations, and other radio interface nodes. The distinctive features of
this book relative to similar publications include an organized and systems
engineering approach, self-containment of the technical topics discussed in the
book, in-depth description of the theoretical concepts, real-life implementation
issues, and practical considerations using clear and unambiguous block diagrams,
state diagrams, and signal flow graphs.
Many articles, blogs, white papers, application notes, book chapters, and
books have been published on the subject of LTE/LTE-Advanced and fourth gen-
eration of cellular networks since 2004, varying from academic theses to network
Preface xvii
operator analyses and manufacturers’ application notes. By their very nature,
these publications have viewed these subjects from one particular perspective
whether it is academic, operational, or promotional/commercial. A very different
and unique approach has been taken in this book, and that is a top-down systems
approach to understanding the system operation and the design principles of the
underlying functional components of fourth generation radio access networks.
This book can be considered as the most up-to-date and complete technical refer-
ence for the design of LTE/LTE-Advanced systems. In this book, the protocol
layers and functional elements of LTE/LTE-Advanced radio access and core net-
works are described.
This book is a reflection of the author’s several years of participation in the
inception, design and development, standardization, and implementation of LTE/
LTE-Advanced, as well as numerous books, articles, white papers, public presen-
tations, public blogs and online notes, simulations, etc., that the author has come
across and studied since 2004 about LTE/LTE-Advanced, along with the author’s
251 years of experience in communication theory, signal processing, systems
engineering, and cellular communication.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge and thank his friends in 3GPP, 3GPP2,
ITU-R, and IEEE for their encouragement, consultation, and assistance in selec-
tion ofthe content, as well aseditingand improvingthe quality ofthe chapters.
The author would like to sincerely appreciate the Academic Press (Elsevier)
publishingandeditorialstafffor providingthe authorwiththe opportunitytopub-
lish this work and for their assistance, cooperation, patience, and understanding
throughoutthisproject.
Finally, the author is immeasurably grateful to his family for their unwavering
encouragement, cooperation, support, patience, and understanding throughout this
project.
xix
Abbreviations and Acronyms
3GPP 3rd generation partnership project
AAA authorization,authentication,and accounting
ABS almost blanksubframe
AC accessclass
ACIR adjacent channelinterference ratio
ACK acknowledgment
ACLR adjacent channelleakage ratio
ADC analog todigital converter
AF application function
AM acknowledged mode
AMBR aggregate maximum bitrate
AMC adaptive modulationand coding
ANR automatic neighbor relation
AoA angleof arrival
AoD angleof departure
AP application protocol
APN accesspoint name
ARFCN absolute ratio frequency channel number
ARP allocation andretentionpriority
ARQ automatic repeat request
AS accessstratum/angular spread
AWGN additivewhite Gaussian noise
BC broadcast channel (MU-MIMO)
BCCH broadcast control channel
BCH broadcast channel
BER bit error rate
BPSK binaryphase shiftkeying
BSR buffer status report
C/I carrier-to-interference ratio
CA carrieraggregation
CAZAC constant amplitudezero autocorrelation
CBC cell broadcast center
CBE cell broadcast entity
CC component carrier
CCE control channel element
xxi
xxii Abbreviations and Acronyms
CCO cellchange order
CDD cyclic delay diversity
CDF cumulative distributionfunction
CDM code division multiplexing
CFI control format indicator
CFO carrierfrequency offset
CGI cellglobal identifier
CIF carrierindicatorfield
CM cubicmetric
CMAS commercial mobile alert service
CMC connection mobilitycontrol
CoMP coordinated multi-point
CP cyclic prefix
CQI channelquality indicator
CRC cyclic redundancy check
CRE cellrange extension
C-RNTI cellRNTI
CRS cell-specific reference signal
CSA common subframe allocation
CSFB circuit-switched fallback
CSG closedsubscriber group
CSG ID closedsubscriber group identity
CSI channelstate information
CSI-IM CSI interference measurement
CSI-RS CSI reference signal
CSS CSG subscriber server
DAC digitaltoanalog converter
DAI downlink assignment index
DCCH dedicated control channel
DCI downlink control information
DeNB donoreNB
DFT-S-OFDM DFT spreadOFDM
DL downlink
DL TFT downlink traffic flowtemplate
DL-SCH downlink shared channel
DM-RS demodulation reference signal
DoA direction of arrival
DPC dirtypaper coding
DRB data radiobearer
DRX discontinuous reception
DS-CDMA direct-sequence code division multiple access
DTCH dedicated traffic channel
DTX discontinuous transmission
DwPTS downlink pilot time slot
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii
EAB extendedaccessbarring
ECCE enhancedcontrol channelelement
ECGI E-UTRAN cell global identifier
E-CID enhancedcell-ID (positioningmethod)
ECM EPS connection management
ECN explicit congestionnotification
eICIC enhancedinter-cell interference coordination
EMM EPS mobility management
eNB E-UTRAN node B/evolved nodeB
EPC evolvedpacketcore
ePDCCH enhancedphysical downlinkcontrol channel
ePHR extendedpowerheadroomreport
EPRE energyper resource element
EPS evolvedpacketsystem
E-RAB E-UTRAN radio access bearer
eREG enhancedresource-element group
E-SMLC evolvedservingmobilelocationcenter
ETWS earthquake andtsunamiwarning system
E-UTRA evolvedUTRA
E-UTRAN evolvedUTRAN
EVM error vector magnitude
FDD frequency divisionduplex
FDM frequency divisionmultiplexing
FFT fast Fourier transform
FSTD frequency switched transmit diversity
FTP file transferprotocol
GBR guaranteed bitrate
GERAN GSM edge radio access network
GGSN gateway GPRS support node
GNSS globalnavigationsatellite system
GP guard period
GPS globalpositioning system
GSM globalsystem for mobile communication
GT guard time
GTP GPRS tunneling protocol
GUMMEI globallyunique MME identifier
GUTI globallyunique temporary identifier
GW gateway
HARQ hybrid ARQ
HeNB home eNB
HeNB GW home eNB gateway
HetNet heterogeneous network
HFN hyper frame number
HI HARQindicator