Low-head, roughing filters for enhancing recycle water treatment for aquaculture

181 Pages·2016·3.1 MB·English

Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and
Retrospective Theses and Dissertations
Dissertations
1993
Low-head, roughing filters for enhancing recycle
water treatment for aquaculture
Steven Thomas Summerfelt
Iowa State University
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Recommended Citation
Summerfelt, Steven Thomas, "Low-head, roughing filters for enhancing recycle water treatment for aquaculture " (1993).Retrospective
Theses and Dissertations. 10553.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10553
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Low-head, roughing filters for enhancing recycle water treatment
for aquaculture
Summerfelt, Steven Thomas, Ph.D.
Iowa State University, 1993
Copyright ©1993 by Summerfelt, Steven Thomas. All rights reserved.
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300N.ZeebRd.
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Low-head, roughing filters for enhancing
recycle water treatment for aquaculture
By
Steven Thomas Summerfelt
A Dissertation Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department: Civil and Construction Engineering
Major: Civil Engineering (Environmental Engineering)
Approved:
Members of the Committee:
Signature was redacted for privacy.
In Charge of Major Work
Signature was redacted for privacy.
Signature was redacted for privacy.
For the Major Department
Signature was redacted for privacy.
For theGraduate College
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
1993
Copyright © Steven Thomas Summerfelt, 1993. All rights reserved.
u
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
NOMENCLATURE AND ABBREVIATIONS xi
Variable Notations xi
Chemical Notations xv
Other Abbreviations xvi
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
Objective 1
Explanation of Dissertation Organization 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2
Aquaculture 2
Recycle system aquaculture 3
Water Quality Criteria 4
Alkalinity and pH 5
Ammonia 8
Carbon dioxide 8
Dissolved nitrogen gas 9
Dissolved organics 9
Dissolved oxygen 9
Nitrite 10
Nitrate 10
Phosphorus 11
Suspended and settleable solids 11
Water-Reuse Unit Process Options 11
Rearing 11
Aeration/oxygenation 13
Clarification 14
Biofiltration 24
Summary—Aquaculture Review 28
m
PAPER I. UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING CARBON DIOXIDE
PROBLEMS IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE
SYSTEMS 31
ABSTRACT 32
INTRODUCTION 33
CARBON DIOXIDE TOXICITY AND PRODUCTION 34
CARBON DIOXIDE MODELING 37
Open System Equilibria 38
Carbonate System Kinetics 40
Mass Transfer 41
AIR STRIPPING CONSIDERATIONS 44
WATER EXCHANGE CONSIDERATIONS 54
CHEMICAL TREATMENT 56
SUMMARY-UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING CO2 PROBLEMS 59
REFERENCES CITED 60
PAPER IL USE OF LOW-HEAD, STATIC-MEDIA FILTERS FOR
CLARIFICATION AND NITRIFICATION IN A
RECIRCULATING FISH CULTURE SYSTEM 63
INTRODUCTION 64
Biological Filtration 65
Competition for space and oxygen in biofilters 65
Nitrification 66
Heterotrophic oxidation of organics 69
Clarification 69
Solids Flushing and Filter Maintenance 71
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 72
Roughing Filter System 72
Roughing filter 72
Nitrifying biofilter 76
Settling Basin System 77
Water Characterization 79
RESULTS 80
iv
DISCUSSION 94
Ammonia, cBOD, Oxygen and Solids Removal in Roughing Filters 94
Effects of Clarification on Ammonia and Oxygen Removal in Biofilters 100
Recirculation Rate 100
Filter Headloss 109
Solids Flushing 110
Sludge organisms 111
Media Selection 114
SUMMARY-STATIC-MEDIA FILTERS 115
REFERENCES CITED 118
PAPER III. CULTURE OF WALLEYE FROM FINGERLING TO
FOOD-SIZE IN A RECIRCULATING SYSTEM 121
ABSTRACT 122
INTRODUCTION 123
MATERIALS AND METHODS 126
Culture System 126
Walleye Source 126
Feeding 126
Walleye Density 127
Water Quality 127
Alkalinity 127
Ammonia 127
Dissolved oxygen 127
Light 128
pH 128
Temperature 128
Turbidity 128
RESULTS 129
Walleye Growth Rate in an Intensive Recycle System 129
Length to Weight Relationship 129
Condition Factor (k) to Size Relationship 129
Relative Weight to Size Relationship 129