Low-Energy Electrons: Fundamentals and Applications

434 Pages·2019·32.566 MB·\434

by  Oddur Ingólfsson (Editor)

Low-Energy Electrons

Low-Energy Electrons
Fundamentals and Applications
edited by
Oddur Ingólfsson
Publishedby
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Low-EnergyElectrons:FundamentalsandApplications
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ISBN978-981-4800-00-6(Hardcover)
ISBN978-0-429-05882-0(eBook)
Tomylatefather,
Ingo´lfurG.Sigurðsson,inappreciationof
hissupportandinspirationthroughout
thepastfewdecades

Contents
Preface xiii
1 MolecularProcessesandTechniquesforMeasuringTheir
ScatteringCrossSections 1
MichaelJ.Brunger
1.1 PrologueandDefinitions 1
1.2 Introduction 8
1.3 NormalizationTechniquesinDifferential
Cross-SectionMeasurements 12
1.3.1 ElasticScattering:TheRelativeFlowTechnique
withaContinuousMolecularBeamSource 12
1.3.2 ElasticScattering:TheRelativeFlowTechnique
withaSkimmedSupersonicJetBeam 17
1.3.3 InelasticScatteringDifferentialCrossSections 25
1.4 IntegralCrossSections 31
1.5 TotalCrossSections 36
2 LowEnergyElectron–InducedDissociation 47
OddurIngo´lfsson
2.1 Introduction 47
2.2 DissociativeElectronAttachment 48
2.2.1 BondandSiteSelectivityinDEA 52
2.2.2 DEACrossSections 56
2.2.3 CategorizationofResonances 60
2.2.3.1 Shape(open-channel)resonances 62
2.2.3.2 Feshbach(closed-channel)resonances 64
2.2.4 AngularDependenceinDEA 67
2.2.5 ThermochemistyinDEA 74
viii Contents
2.2.6 ExperimentalApproachestoStudyElectron
AttachmentProcesses 83
2.2.6.1 Swarmexperiments 83
2.2.6.2 Crossed-beamexperiments 90
2.2.6.3 Angular-dependentmeasurements
andkineticenergyrelease 95
2.2.6.4 Photoelectronattachmentand
high-Rydberg-stateelectrontransfer
forhigh-resolutionstudies 98
2.2.7 DissociativeIonizationandNeutraland
DipolarDissociationuponElectronExcitation 100
3 MethodsforLow-EnergyElectron–MoleculeScattering 121
JimenaD.Gorfinkiel,Ma´rcioT.doN.Varella,and
RomanCˇur´ık
3.1 Introduction 121
3.1.1 Notation 125
3.2 SchwingerMultichannelMethod 126
3.2.1 SchwingerVariationalPrinciple 127
3.2.2 SchwingerMultichannelMethod 129
3.2.3 Implementation 131
3.2.4 Applications:Ethyleneand5-Halouracils 135
3.3 DiscreteMomentumRepresentationMethod 137
3.3.1 Electron–MoleculeInteraction 138
3.3.1.1 Static-exchangeapproximation 138
3.3.1.2 Polarizationpotential 140
3.3.2 TheScatteringEquations 142
3.3.3 ApplicationtoStudyShapeResonances 146
3.3.4 SymmetryofShapeResonances 147
3.4 R-MatrixMethod 152
3.4.1 One-ChannelPotentialScattering 152
3.4.2 R-MatrixMethodforElectron–Molecule
Scattering 155
3.4.3 PracticalConsiderations 158
3.4.4 Application:ResonancesinPyrimidine 161
3.5 Summary 164
Contents ix
4 Plasmas:Low-EnergyElectronsinAction 171
NigelJ.Mason
4.1 Introduction 172
4.1.1 Plasma:AUbiquitousStateofMatter 172
4.1.2 PlasmaProperties 173
4.1.2.1 Plasmadensity 174
4.1.2.2 Plasmatemperature 174
4.1.2.3 Plasmafrequency 176
4.1.2.4 Debyelength 176
4.1.2.5 Degreeofionization 177
4.1.3 ElectronProcessesinPlasmaSystems 177
4.1.3.1 Elasticscattering 177
4.1.3.2 Inelasticscattering 179
4.1.3.3 Ionization 180
4.1.3.4 Dissociativeelectronattachment 181
4.1.3.5 Ionpairformation 182
4.1.3.6 Electron–ioncollisions 183
4.1.3.7 Summed/totalinelasticcrosssections 184
4.1.3.8 Rateconstantsforelectronscattering 185
4.2 ThePlasmaWorldandtheRoleofElectronsinIt 186
4.2.1 AtmosphericPlasmas 186
4.2.2 RareGasPlasmas 189
4.2.3 FluorocarbonPlasmas 191
4.2.4 FusionPlasmas 193
4.2.5 PlasmasforEnvironmentalRemediation 196
4.3 ControllingPlasmaswithElectrons 198
4.3.1 ImprovingOzoneGeneration 198
4.3.2 ControllingElectronTemperaturein
FluorocarbonPlasmaforNanotechnology 202
4.4 TheFuture 203
4.4.1 ControllingPlasmaChemistry 203
4.4.2 UnderstandingthePlasma:Radicalsand
ExcitedSpecies 206
4.4.3 TheRoleofMacrospeciesinAtmospheric
PlasmaClusters 208
4.4.4 PlasmasinOtherMedia 211
4.5 Conclusions 214