Low Electromagnetic Emission Wireless Network Technologies: 5G and beyond

305 Pages·2020·15.669 MB·English

by  Muhammad Ali Imran, Fabien Héliot, Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo

IETTELECOMMUNICATIONSSERIES84
Low Electromagnetic
Emission Wireless Network
Technologies
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Low Electromagnetic
Emission Wireless Network
Technologies
5G and beyond
Edited by
Muhammad Ali Imran, Fabien Héliot
and Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
©TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2020
Firstpublished2019
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Contents
Abouttheeditors xiii
Preface xv
PartI EMFevaluationandcharacterisation 1
1 EMFexposuredefinition,metrics,effectsandregulations 3
YusufA.Sambo,MuhammadAliJamshed,FabienHéliot,
TimBrownandMuhammadAliImran
1.1 Scope 3
1.2 FactorscontributingtoEMexposure
inmobilecommunications 4
1.2.1 Communicationnetworktopology 4
1.2.2 LocationoftheuserrelativetotheBS 6
1.2.3 Durationofexposure 6
1.3 EMradiationandRFcommunicationspectrumrange 7
1.4 EMradiationmetrics 8
1.4.1 NearfieldandSAR 8
1.4.2 Farfieldandpowerdensity 10
1.5 EMexposureindex 10
1.6 PerceptionandphysiologicalimpactofEMFexposure
inmobilecommunication 11
1.6.1 Riskassessmentandpublicperceptionofexposure 11
1.6.2 Physiologicalimpact 12
1.7 EMexposureguidelinesandlimits 13
1.7.1 EMexposurelimits 14
1.7.2 Precautionaryprinciple 16
1.7.3 EMradiationexclusionzones 16
1.8 Conclusion 17
References 17
2 Electromagneticfield(EMF)monitoringtools 23
ShoaibAnwarandYannToutain
2.1 Introduction 24
2.1.1 EMFexposuremetrics 25
2.1.2 TypicalEMFmeasurementsensor 26
2.2 StateoftheartforEMFmonitoringtools 28
2.2.1 SARmeasurementsystems 28
viii LowElectromagneticEmissionWirelessNetworkTechnologies
2.2.2 Powerdensity/E-fieldmeasurementsystems 30
2.2.3 SimulationtoolsforEMFmonitoring 41
2.2.4 Othermeasurementtools 43
2.3 EMFmonitoringofasmartcity 46
2.4 Conclusionsandperspectives 49
References 50
3 Large-scaleEMFcharacterizationconsideringrealnetwork
deployments 53
LuisDiez,RamónAgüeroandLuisMuñoz
3.1 Testbeddescription 56
3.1.1 Low-complexitydosimeter 56
3.1.2 SmartSantander 57
3.1.3 Dosimeterintegration 59
3.2 Scenariocharacterization 63
3.2.1 Deploymentdimensioning 63
3.2.2 Networkusage 64
3.2.3 Uplink–downlinkcorrelation 65
3.3 Calibrationofthemeasurements 67
3.3.1 Monaxialtoisotropic 68
3.3.2 Locationextrapolationfactor 69
3.3.3 Indoor–outdoorextrapolationfactor 70
3.4 Exposurecalculationmethodology 71
3.5 Exposureanalysis 76
3.5.1 Frequencyselectivity 76
3.5.2 Geographicalandtemporalvariation 78
3.5.3 EIevaluation 79
3.6 Conclusion 81
References 82
4 EMFexposureinheterogeneousnetworksenvironments 85
FilipeD.CardosoandLuisM.Correia
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 EMFexposureevaluationandassessment 86
4.2.1 Dosimetric/epidemiologicuseofmetrics 86
4.2.2 MethodsforEMFexposureassessment 88
4.3 On-bodymeasurements 92
4.3.1 EstimationofEMFfrompersonalandfixed-point
exposimeters 92
4.3.2 Simulationresults 95
4.3.3 EMFexposureinBANs 99
4.4 EMFexposureinheterogeneousnetworks 100
4.4.1 Exposureassessmentinheterogeneousnetworks
accountingforULandDL 100
Contents ix
4.4.2 Exposuremodel 100
4.4.3 Simulationscenario 102
4.4.4 Simulationresults 102
4.5 Conclusions 108
References 109
5 Architectureofpublicmobilenetworksanditsimpact
onEMFexposure 115
MladenKoprivica,MilicaPopovic´ andAleksandarNeškovic´
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Networkarchitecturelayers:macro,micro,pico,femto 116
5.2.1 Wi-Ficoverage 118
5.2.2 RelationtoEMF 119
5.3 MeasurementsofincidentEMFinDL 120
5.4 MeasurementsofTxpowerinUL 122
5.5 Casestudies:macro/micro,macro/femto 127
5.5.1 TheadditionofthemicrocellandindoorDASsystem 128
5.5.2 Femtocellvs.macrocell 132
5.6 ImpactofspecificuserservicestoEMFexposure 133
5.7 Conclusion 137
References 137
PartII EMFreductiontechniques 141
6 EMFemission-awareresourceallocationfor
uplinkOFDMsystems 143
YusufA.Sambo,MohammedAl-Imari,FabienHéliotand
MuhammadAliImran
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Systemmodel 144
6.3 EMFemissionreductionschemes 146
6.3.1 OfflineEMFemissionreductionscheme 147
6.3.2 OnlineEMFemissionreductionscheme 151
6.3.3 Complexityanalysis 153
6.4 Numericalresults 154
6.5 Conclusion 162
References 163
7 Multicell uplink scheduling for EMF emission minimization in
OFDMAsystems 167
YusufA.Sambo,FabienHéliotandMuhammadAliImran
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 Systemmodel 168
7.3 MCEMFemission-awareschedulingscheme 170
7.3.1 Subcarrierallocation 171