Low Earth Orbital Satellites for Personal Communication Networks (Artech House Mobile Communications Library)

287 Pages·1997·1.02 MB·English

by  Abbas

Low Earth Orbital Satellites
for Personal Communication
Networks
ForacompletelistingoftheArtechHouseMobileCommunicationsLibrary,
turn to theback ofthis book.
Low Earth Orbital Satellites
for Personal Communication
Networks
Abbas Jamalipour
Artech House
Boston • London
Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
Jamalipour,Abbas
Lowearthorbital satellites forpersonal communicationnetworks / Abbas Jamalipour
p. cm.—(ArtechHousemobile communications library)
Includes bibliographical referencesandindex.
ISBN 0-89006-955-7 (alk.paper)
1. Artificialsatellites in telecommunication. 2. Mobilecommunicationsystems.
I.Title. II.Series: ArtechHousetelecommunications library.
TK5104.J35 1997
621.3845—dc21 97-32244
CIP
British Library Cataloguing inPublication Data
Jamalipour,Abbas
Lowearthorbital satellites forpersonal communicationnetworks
1. Artificial satellitesintelecommunication
I. Title
621.3’8254
ISBN0-89006-955-7
Cover and textdesignby Darrell Judd.
© 1998ARTECH HOUSE,INC.
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been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attestto the accuracy of this informa-
tion.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrade-
markor service mark.
InternationalStandard BookNumber:0-89006-955-7
Library of CongressCatalog CardNumber:97-32244
109 8 7 6 54 3 2 1
LowEarth Orbital SatellitesforPersonal Communication Networks
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
Organizationofthis book xv
1 Mobile Satellite Communications 1
1.1 Communications satellites 2
1.1.1 Preliminaryissues 2
1.1.2 Historyofcommunicationssatellites 5
1.2 Orbitaldynamicsof satellitesystems 7
1.2.1 Kepler’s firstlaw 8
1.2.2 Kepler’s secondlaw 8
1.2.3 Kepler’s third law 8
1.2.4 Anexample:The geostationary orbit 10
v
vi Low Earth Orbital Satellites for Personal Communication Networks
1.3 Mobile satellitecommunications systems 12
1.3.1 Orbitselection 12
1.3.2 Mobilesatellite systems 18
1.4 Summary 27
2 Communications with LEO Satellites 33
2.1 Preliminaryissues in LEO satellite systems 35
2.1.1 RequirednumberofLEO satellites andorbits 35
2.1.2 Hand-off 41
2.1.3 Intersatellitelinks 43
2.1.4 Spotbeams 46
2.1.5 Dopplershifteffect 51
2.2 Specific issuesin LEO satellitesystems 55
2.2.1 Selectionofa multiple-accessscheme 56
2.2.2 Trafficconsiderations 64
2.3 ModelingtheLEOsatellitesystems 67
2.4 Summary 72
3 Application of CDMA in LEO Satellite Systems 77
3.1 Performanceevaluationof analogsystems 79
3.1.1 Trafficmodeling 79
3.1.2 SIR: Themeasureofperformance 82
3.1.3 Trafficassignment control 91
3.2 Performanceof integratedvoice/datasystems 96
3.2.1 System considerations 96
3.2.2 Extension ofthe trafficmodel 99
3.2.3 Simulationenvironment 101
3.2.4 Performancemeasurement 103
3.2.5 Dynamic nonuniformtrafficconcepts 108
3.3 Summary 113
4 Spread-Slotted Aloha for LEO Satellite Systems 117
4.1 Spread-slotted Aloha 119
Contents vii
4.1.1 TheAloha multiple-accessscheme 119
4.1.2 SpreadingtheAloha packets 123
4.2 Employing spread-slottedAloha in a LEO
satellitesystem 130
4.2.1 Distributionofusers 132
4.2.2 Throughputanalysis 134
4.2.3 Probabilityofpacket success 136
4.3 Numerical examples 144
4.4 Summary 151
5 Modified Power Control in Spread-Slotted Aloha 157
5.1 Worst casein throughput performance 159
5.1.1 Intracellinterferenceversusintercell interference 160
5.1.2 Performanceofnonworst cases 164
5.2 Modifiedpower controlscheme 168
5.2.1 Purposeandstructure ofthescheme 169
5.2.2 Numerical examples 172
5.2.3 Some practicalnotes onrealization ofthe scheme 179
5.3 Summary 180
6 Transmit Permission Control Scheme for
6 Spread-Slotted Aloha 185
6.1 Transmitpermission control scheme:
Nonfadingchannel 187
6.1.1 Basicconsiderations 188
6.1.2 Transmit permissioncontrol 190
6.1.3 Throughputperformanceoftransmit permissioncontrol 195
6.1.4 Averagedelay performanceoftransmit permission
control 202
6.2 Transmitpermission control scheme: Fadingchannel 209
6.2.1 Fading channel modelandanalysis 209
6.2.2 Numerical examplesofthe performanceofthe system 212
viii Low Earth Orbital Satellites for Personal Communication Networks
6.3 Adaptivetransmitpermission control schemes 214
6.3.1 ATPC method1 215
6.3.2 ATPC method2 217
6.3.3 PerformanceofATPC methods 217
6.4 Summary 219
7 Further Considerations in LEO Satellite Systems 223
7.1 Packetadmissioncontrolscheme 224
7.1.1 System andtrafficmodels 225
7.1.2 Evaluationofheavy-traffic performance 228
7.1.3 Conceptsofthe scheme 232
7.1.4 Performanceofthe scheme 233
7.2 Power control 236
7.2.1 Thenear-farproblem 236
7.2.2 Implementationofpower control 237
7.2.3 Effectsofimperfections inpower control 238
7.3 Multibeam LEOsatellites 241
7.3.1 General expression forantennagain 242
7.3.2 Spot-beamantennagain 243
7.3.3 Performanceofspot-beam antennas 245
7.4 Conceptof adaptivearrayantennas 248
7.5 Summary 251
List of Acronyms 257
About the Author 261
Index 263
LowEarth Orbital SatellitesforPersonal Communication Networks
Preface
Inthepastfewyears,therehasbeenarushofresearchtowardthe
realization of a global personal communication network that can
providereliable,ubiquitous,andcost-effectivecommunicationserv-
icestoindividualsviasmallandsingle-standardhand-heldterminals.That
trendisexpectedtocontinuethroughthefirstdecadeofthenextcentury.
The exponential increase in the number of subscribers for mobile tele-
phones during the last five years, as well as increasing trends for multi-
media communications, is driving the future of mobile communication
systems.
Tomeetthecommunicationrequirementsintheupcomingcentury,
global personal communication networks (PCNs) have become one of the
hottest topics in the field of communications. An important and funda-
mental question in such plans is which system meets all those require-
ments. Current cellular systems, although they have good potential for
providingvoiceanddatacommunicationsinurbanareas,wouldnotbea
properchoiceforaglobalsystem.Ontheotherhand,inaccordancewith
ix