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IIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIIIII I I IIIIIII II II IIIIIIIII III I I
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3 14617 3822
Introduc6t ion
1 Developmoefan nta rchitepchtiulroaslo rpohy
Roomostf h cei tHyi;s taostrh ayer chiftreiceBtne'dgs;i ninnEi unrgo pe;
Becomami ondge arrnc hiMtoencutm;e nTetaaclhiaitrnycg;h itecture;
Indeenpdepnrta cRtoimcee.at;nh pdeo woerfru ins
2 Rediscovaenra irncgh iteocftm uarsesa nds truct6u0r e
InotdructYiaoUlnne;i veArrsGtia tlylB euriyl;wd iithnhog l lsotwo nJeesw;i sh
CommunCietnytB euri;la dnitdne ga cUhniinvge;or fPs eintnys yMlevdainciaal
ReseTaorwcehr sP;h iTlhaeds eclhpoohafoir lac hitCeocntculrues;i on:
struacntsdup raec e
3 Shapiannga rchiteocftl uirgaehn tds hado1w3 4
IntrodTurcitbiRuoennve;iP euwb liCsohmipnagn y BUuniiltSdetidan tge;s
ConsuClhaatnec ealnRldee sriyd Beuniclesd;hi andgao nwsd p awcietfo hl ded
walFlisrU;sn ti taCrhiuarancn hSd c hool; rWuriaanrpsop ubinundgi ldings;
SaIlnks uttifoetr B ioloSgtiucdCaiolen sc;l utshhieypo ons:th yaltlehlk e,a sbah
antdh ceo smgaircd en
4 Inspicroemdp ositiinto hneps o etiocfas c ti2o2n0
IntrodEurcdtmiHaoannDl ;ol r miBtroyrMnya ,wC ro llIengdeIi;na snt itute
ofM anageBmaenngtl;Na adteisCohan pailCt aarlve;ia nrgmt ahsa,sn s dp ace;
DominMioctahne rChoomupsoeis;ni dnegp eenldeemneCtno tnsc;l usion:
starwtiitsnhpg a ce
5 Preciesxep erimiennt thsep oetiocfcs o nstruc3t0i0o n
IntrodLuicbtraianoDrdniy ;n iHnaglP lh,i lElxiepAtsce ard eFmoyWr;at y ne
PerforAmriTtnsheg a tFeurs;si pnagac nesd t ructurAer;Mt u Ksiemubme;l l
Shapsipnaugcn edr eorso hfe YlalClsee;n fotreB rr iAtriBtsu;hi lwdiitnhg
advaanncader dc hcaoincs trCuocntciloutnsh;pie ro onfe:s isisint o hne
marketaprlcahcieti,ies ntc hteu ruen iversity
6 Unbuiolftf eriinntg hses: p aceosfe tern3i8ty8
IntrodMuicktvIiesohrnS a;ye nla gMoegmuoer;ti ota hSlei M xi llJieowni sh
MartHyurrsSv;ya n agPoagluaedz;eCz ioo n grFeD.s. Rs oio;s eMveemlotr ial;
Waitfiotnrhgr e i gchitr cumsCtoannccleutsshv;ieo o inoc:sfe i sl etnrcaed:i tion
anhdi story
Conclus4i4on8
Selectwreidt ibnygL so uiIKs a hn4 54
Lisotfp roje1c9t2s6 -4738 6
Not4e9s5
Bibliyo 5g0r4a ph
Ind5e0x6
A poeitsi nt hougohfbt e auatnyd e xisteYnectae p.o emi so nlayn
offerwihnigct,ho t hpeo eitsl es1 LsO.UI!:.K AHN
Criteivceianntlt hs he i stooafrr yc hitaremeco tsoutfr tseec nr iipsntt eydl istic
orp urfoerlmyta elr Ymesfot.r L ouKiash( n1 901a-n7o4td)he,efi rn iotfi on
archiwtaefoscrt eumrioenhs itms in d-ad efinitiomnu clcheo wsnisct ehr ned
fashiaonfondr ma nmdu cmho rwei tthht er adoibftu iiolnad nitdnh mgea king
opf laFcoeKrsa .ha nr,c hitweancsot ttuod r owe i twhh aabt u illdoiolnkigsk e
buttod ow ithho iw tssp aacreoesr derehdo,wi i twbs iu tiahln htdo, w t hese
affwehcaittes xp eribeynt cheowdsh eoi nhaibtTi.ht ib so ok endteoa vours
prestehanert c hioteLfco tuKuiarshie nnj utshtet seer ms.
Arguatbhwleoy r,ok fLs o uKiashh na vbee etnhs ei nggrleeai tneflsute nce
onw oralrdc hitdeucrtitunhsrgeee c ohnaodlf tf h tew entcieentthu ry. Yet,
sintchaeer chidteeaictnt1h '9 s7t 4h,eh raevb ee erne marfekwac brliyt ical
studoifhe isws o r2 kW.hilKea hnw'osri kn directlbyo ttihhn es pired
(hiisctiopsrots)t -modaenrd(n uirsbtan nei-osrta)t iocnrailtoiifsq tu e
modernhiiwssom r,k daelmsoon stthraaac ttr eidt diecvaelllmoyop deedr n
architiestc hotenu lrvyei amboldeoe fc onstrfourco tutirio mnde i,r ectly
inspircionngt etmhrpeeo trtuaomrr ony d etrenc taonnmdia ct eorridiaenlr
architeexcetmuprbleyit, fihb eeed s t archiptreaccttsai rscoiuutnrnhgrde e ntly
worYledit.nA pr1i9l8o 3n,ln yi ne ayfteeKarar hsn 'sa ndadett ah hteeh i,g ht
ofh istoproiscti-smto dtehrheni isstmao,nrc dir aint ic FKreanmnpettohn
nottehd'a atl mnooos ntne o wt urtnoms e nt[iKoanh nna'msge!o' i,on ng to
say that s'ttohieac nisrdsue mbl,te lvoeafKtn aych,enp 'osec toinct ribution'
shousledra vs'e ka i nodfs harrepm inodfwe hraw teh avleo 3s Tth'i.s was
echowehde ant,d innfoelrl owail negc tiunlr ae1t 9e9 a0tt, h hee iogfh t
deconstprousctt-imvoi,dts ehtlre an atiresc mhJiatmeSectsti rslatiiomnd eg ,
'Iitsa ppalwlhiasnttg u dteanaltbkso ut in arAcmheirtisecccahtnouo rles
tod-aDyerriinddaeW,eh dyd! o esann'ytos nteuK dayh n?'•
Inad escroifpt thdieio ffinc uolfdt eys iganricnhgi twehcitccuohru el,d
appelqyu awleltlyolt htea osfwk r itaibnoagur tc hitKeachotnfu trteeon,l d
Pag4e. AsseBmuilbidlgny,B angladNeasthi onal
CapitDahla,k1 a9,6 -274.I ntevriieolwro oking thset oorfty hp eo wehto e,x peenrcipienrgfeb ceta uattyt,et mopp utts down
towartdhsAe s sembHlallyl igchotu trth rough
iwno rtdhswe o ndbeerfo hriees y eBsu.at Ks, a hsna i'dtfi,hr els iton npe a per
ac ircoupleanri sntgira,sa ndw alkways.
buiilnhd i psl aacnetd i mKea.h hne ltdh aaw to rokfa rchitmeucsstttu arret
witthh iem measumruasbbtler e e,a ltihzreodtu hgmehe asurmaebalnoesf
constrauncwdth ieconon m,p lmeutsaetld l iotiwsn habtioet xapnetrsti heen ce
immeasuorfia tbbsel gei nnWihnaagtls l.o Kwaehdnw 'osrt kot ranstcheen d
limitaotfhi iotsni siw naesh iusn dersttahnatdthi ienm gm easurable
inspiirfosau tniidont n hg er eaartc hitoeftc hpteau srte, wmheialseu rtahbel e
meaanrsoe n ltyob efo unidnt hmea tearnimdae lt hoofcd osn stroufoc utri on
timBeye. n gaagnitdnr ga nsfotrhmieim nmge asuarntadhb mele ea surianb le
thper ocoefds ess iKganh,n 's baurbieol ttdhii mnegalsne odsfo s u tri mbeo,t h
anciaenmndot d ern.
Kahwna so neo ft he afrecwh iotffie rcstitsm portianmn ocdee rn
architteotc etacucorhne t inauatou unsilvyet rhsriotuyhg hicosau rtae netdro ,
endeatvoo uarr ttihmceyu sltaetorefti hdeees s pirgonc foerss tsu dents. This
stuedxya mitnhmeeas n nienwr h ilcahr cgoenrc eempetrsig nKe adh nw'osr k
antde achwienrdgee, v elaospp aeordfht i esv er-edveofilnviiotnfdig eo sni gn,
andw ergei vfoernm i nh iasr chitKeachtwnua rsoe n.eo fa n umboefr
archiwtheoec mtesr ignet dh1 e9 5t0oqs u estthiaeob ni olifIt nyt ernational
Stymloed erntiohs omu tshese o icaslp acneesc esfosrta hrleya thtaelorff
thtew entcieentthYu erKtya .hw na osn oeft hvee rfeywm ajaorrc hittoe cts
finadw aoyu otft hiimsp a-saws aety h maatyb ed iscobvyee xrpeedr iencing
anedx amihniiwsno grk :
Thisst uodfLy o uKiash infos cusaesmd u cahsp ossoinbK laeh nm'asj or
desi-gonnts h eex peroifet nhbceue i ldtihnegmss e-lasvt ehswe a yt o
undershtiiasmn pdo rttaoan rcceh itWehcitlKuear hen.i' dseh aasvb ee en
claibmye dma alnln oefdr e sigannetdrh se orhiibssut isl,ad irineng csr edibly
preciitnsh eec iorn stroufpcl taifocorepn se o-ppllea wceer se ttuoar gna ainnd
agabienc abuyis neh abtihteiwmne rg e disscoomveetreh sisnegan btoiuatl
ourseElavcoehfKs a.h nm'asjp orro joerbc utiwslo tr ikessx amianlte edn gth:
firtshtr,o aunglyahs iosft hdee sipgrno caensdos r deriidnesgae sc;o nd,
through exoaftm hmieen tahtaoindomdsna teroifca olnss traunctdth ieoinr,
reinterbpyrK eathaannt;tdi h oinbr ywd a,oy f a ne xperi'ewnatlika-lt hrough'
oft hsep actehse msewlivtpehas r,t iecmuplhaaorsn ti hsie n tesrpiaotri al
experIiietmsn y cc eo.n tetnhtaKitao hnnp 'rsi mcaornyc tehrrno ughhiosu t
caraeswe irt,Fh r aLnlko Wyrdi gwhatts,h s ep awciet htihinen, t esrpiaaocnred
itesx peraisde entceer,mb iytn hweead iy nw hiicithcs o nstr6 ucted.
VincSecnutlw lhyoh, a tdh feo retsoia guhtthab o oro oknK ahinn1 962,
atat imweh einwt a sn oyte atta lalp parteomn otsc tr iwthiacstst ature
ilse sfsa'i,tl5oci anpgt euirttehh emera gnifiocrte hnsecu eb tolfteh tmeyi nd's ansdi gnifKiachwanon uculeld t imaatttecalaiynu ,t ionoendce:a sn'u Nmo
visiYoeKnta. h anl isnos itshtaetd,i sfeo vmeent ohfti hnoegr igiiasnl awla ys upL ouIiK.sa h7n B.e'artihniignms i nadsw, e lalsV icmoo'tstv oe,ri upms um
losotuw,ro raksa rchiltiieencts tr syt iocn ogm aesc loasspe o sstiowb hlaet factu-m'trtuhtrho muagkhi lnb ge'l,it ehtavhtete h eoarriiefssri onKmga hn's
inspuisrT.er da nstlota htteea das tkh anidIf,a ms ucceisnts hfuwilrs i ting, architaerbceet esuxtre em plbiytfi hewedo rks thToe mtsheealntvId he asv.e
three awdieflrel c eolm petlovl iesdti hbteu ilddiensgisgb nyKe adh ann,d endeavtoouw reeadvK ea hnd'iss covaset roti henesa tuorfae r chitecture
toe xpertihepene crefeb ceta uotfty h eplsaec. e s inttohd ee scriopfht iidsoe nssi agnndos u erx peroifet nhceeam s,w ell
1.L ouKiash tne acihtni hngegr aduaartceh itecturKala henn gagtehdius n derstiannh diiasnr gc hittehcrtouuhrgiehs asi ntrodaunccdio nngc luedaiccnhhg a pwtiettrhh lea rtgheerm wehsi ch
studUinivoe,itr oysf P ennlvsaiayn,c .19K6a7h;n 's '
I
stuwdaisloo catienwd h awta so rigitnhael ly conceopftt ihioemn m easutrhaiebn lsaept,ii roinnasli ghtthn eai tnutroe of connKeachtnw 'osr -kasl ilna ne ffotrost t aaysc loasspe o sstiobt lhee
uppleervr eeilan dgr ooomft hUen iveLrisbirtayr y,
desigbnyFe rda Fnukr n.e ss thien stitaunttdih moee na,s urtahbmele ea,na sv aitloat bhalere c hitect to thitnhgesm selves.
121 3 Whawta sh aasl wabyese Wnh.a itsh aasl wabyese Wnh.a wti lbleh as
alwabyese. nL'O UISK AHN
LouIissi dKoarhwen a sb oronn2 0F ebru1a9r0oy1nt hBea litsilcoa fn d
Saare(mfoaram ecrallyOl seedil nE) s toonnit ahc,eo asetdagolef imperial
Russ2 Hiiafs.a thLeero,p oldw aKsEa shtno,n ainadanm embeorft he
paymacsotreoprfts h Reu ssairamnHy i.ms o thBeerr,tM hean delswsaosh n,
froRmi gtah,e ancieonfLt a tcvtaiotpa his,eto aulwt hhe,a rseay outh she
hadb eeend ucaitnRe idg a's sophistciuclatttuerrdaa dliW teisotne.r n
AftLeero pomlidl'idsti asrcyht ahresgyee t tolnSe ada reamnia sal,ia ntn hde
BalSteioacn lrys moi lesk i(l2o5m0es toruetsh)-o wfHe eslts ainntdkh ie
samdei steaansoctfeS tockhSoiltmu.ba ettewdme aeinn lEaunrdoa pned
Scanditnhaievs ilaaa,tnv d a ritoiumsie nsi thsi sthoarsy beeonf part
FinlSawnedd,De enn,m aGrekr,m aannRydu ssia.
Thlea srtsg terucotntu hriees loafSn ada rewmaatsah fo eu rteenth-century
BishCoaps'atsKtl u er esistamsaa rsveseb,i,e u atifluaslitldoy wn aelp lise rbcye d
smawliln doawntsdo ppweidtc hr enellated baotnat nil netmeernitosr, centred
courttyhawerh do,al nec hobryae t do waenrsd u rroubnyad m eodaW th.i le
thKea hfna mliilvyoe nSd a areLmeaoap,o lda swas o crrkfoierbrd ee siodefn ts
thcea sstolK ea,h nc'hsi ldwhoorowldad cs l osreellyat tote hdmi osn umental
plaKcaeh.rn e tutrovn iesSdia ta rewmhaehanew atsw enty-csoenvfiernm,i ng
childmheomoodr oifbe ost thh cea stmloen'usm eunrtbasalcn a alneid t s
intipmraottee icntteesdrp iaocaren sid,it s c letahraK ta hnl'isf elloovonefg
cashtalidet bsse gininnhi inesga sre lxyp erioeftn hpcioesws e rsfutlr uc3 ture.
ThouKgahh dne scrhiibmesades al F fi nnJiesiwhn o rigKianh,nfi 'rss t
Previou'sS tpufadogayrme u.r uaplo Eng yiapnt spokleann guwaagsGe e rmaann,hd e w asr aiisnea dh ouseshtorlodn gly
mot',i1 f9s5(1d eilt)da;r awbiynL go u,s Kahn
influebnycG eedr mRaonm anticism. tKraahdnih'tosil otdfnhsa a mti ly
oft hpey ramaitGd izs.a T hidsr awi1srn egl ated
tot hmeu rtahlaK ta hdne siganneded x ecuted himso thBeerr twhaasr elattote hdGe e rmRaonm antic Fceolmipxo ser
atW eisHso us1e9,4 7-55.
1.Bi shsoC pa'staltKe u ressoanta hriees land Mendels(s1o8-h04n97 a)s,w elalst hceo mposgerra'nsd fMaotsheesr
ofS aare,mE asatofnoiuart,e ecnetnht.T u hryis
Mendels(s1o7-8h26n9)t ,h e famJoeuwsip shhi losooftp hhGeee rr man
LatGeo thmiocn umesnttoacnloe n strwucatsi on
thlea rgsetsrtu cotntu hriees lwahnedr Kea hn EnlighteKnamhenmn'otst. hw earsa g ifted maunsdKi achicnar ned,i ts
wasbo r.n
2.L ouK,ash innh iosff icPehila,d eli,pae halyr hewri th hiasp pdreeecpic aotnisoind,te arlaaebnnldtse o phisticated
1970Osn.h is d esakr der awifnogtrsh W eo lfson
MechanEincgailn eBeurliiidgnn,g1 96-874. knowloefmd ugsei Icna. d ditKiaohnn,' s moetxhteern isrniGev eaerdlm ya n
141 5 anda,sh es ai'dr,a hiisume pdo Gno etwhheo'a,,l ownigtS hc hiwlalosen re, 1.D evelopmoefan nt Att hwee ekeKnadhswn a lked btlwoetcnoktt say kf er aerect l asastte hse
architepchtiulroaslo phy
ofh etrw ofa vouraiutteh Sohrhes a.ad n e xpeurntd erstoafbn odtihn g GrapShkiectC clhul ba,tr eern atmheSeda muSeF.ll eiAsrhMtee rm orOinael .
writweorrsk'ws h,i cshh seh arweidtK ha hdnu ritnhgem iarn lyo ng dahyef ouannod p emne etrionogwm i taph i aannohd,ew enitna nbde gtaon
converisnla attyieeoran4 rss . plaHye.lF elne issihseotrfte,h r e arbte ncelfauacbrt'rosifor vr,aem de etainndg
Kahnf'ast htearl'ewsne trasel scor ittiohc iafoslr matiLoenod.p' osl wasso i mprebsyKs aehdn p'lsa ytihnsaght ie n siosngt eidvh iinamgg rand
beauthiafunld wrsietciunhrgie mwd o raksa s criabnedi, tw ash ew ho pianoK.a htAnos tl hdse t obreyc,a tuhseer en orw oaosfom rb otaph i aannod
encouragteodd r afKwra ohamnne aralgye . Laelowspooor lkades ds taa ined ab eidnt hfaem ialpya rthmees nlteo,pnt t h pei a8n Aosw. itahlo lfK ahn's
glacsrsa ftbsomtwahin t,ph a inatnecddo logulraeasdns Kd,a hwno ulladt er storhiifoescs u,hs e rieos n h umaanc titoankspi lnagwc iet,hb iontm ha terial
devealp oapr ticpuolwaerrslfeyun ls ittoil viigithnhyt i osw nw orTkh.e ansdp irciotnutatelhx etrsae,lb lyo hwiissnt got roby eg rounidnoe usdrh ared
fascifonrab triiocgnoh lto wuarassl tshole ki eclayu osfte h tee rraicbclied ent experoifie nnhcaeb siptaicneg.
thbaetfe Klalha ntt h aeg oeft hrwehee,hn es hoveblulrencdio naogln stt oh e Kahn's attta hlpeei nawtnesor seon otatbhlahetew asoff eraem du sic
aproofnh ipsi nafoTrheefl .a messe vebruerlnyKe adh nfa'csea n hda nds, scholabrusothn,ti haped, v oifTc aed hded, e cliinon reddte ocr o ncenotnr ate
scarhriifomnr lg i fe. thvei saura9t Ilsnh . isse nyieoiarnhr i gshc hKoaohlwn a osff erase cdh olarship
Despitpea rhebnietsses tff'o rtthKsea, h fanm illiyv ienpd o vearntidyn toa tttehnPede nnsyAlcvaadneoimfaFy i nAer twsh,i hcahed a ralwiaerrd ed
190L4 eopeomlidg rtaott hUeend i tSetda wtheeshr,eee ventfouuanlwdlo yr k hiwso rBku.tt h cei wtayts o o ffeorn meo roep porttuotn hiyeto yu Knagh n
inP hiladPeelnpnhsiyalI,nv1 9 a0n6Bi ear.t ha followedK,a hbnr,i nging Louis wheni,nh isse nyieoaror fh igshc hohoetl o,oa kc ourosnae r chitectural
agefidva en,hd i yso unsgiesartn ebdrr otThheef ra.m sieltyit tnlh eNedo rthern histcoornys,i osftb iontlghe ctaunrdde rsa waisnsgi gntmaeungtbhsyt,
Libedritsitoerftsih cceit at lyo,wn igtn hu merootuhnsee riw m migrfraonmt s WillFi.aG rma Kya.h vni virdelcyaG lrlaeysd'l si de-illleucstotunrr aetse d
GermyaL,n ithuaanRndui sasw ihaoa, r ritvowe odri knt hdeo mingaanrtm ent 'GotRheinca,i sGsraeneRcokem,,a a nn Edg ypatricahni tseacytaiuttnrh gee ' ,
indusUtnraybt.lofi e n edm ploytmheeannttg aegietdhh iegsrr apohrgi lca ss enodfh ilsi 'fecI,a snt sieltelh oesxea mpalfteessrom anyye aarsts h meo st
crasfktiL lelosp,o lfodr cwteaotds a wkoer aksa c onstrluacbtoiAuob rnae crk. resounidniflnuge. n.oc.fpe o werful commonwaalspi atryt.i'c uKlaahrnl y
injaunrodyt hheera plrtohb lseomomsna deev etnh aitm possaintbdhl ee , strubcytk h fea tchta utn,l itkhoeet haerrta sr,c hitiesec xtpuerrei enced
familwyh,i chha dt om ovsee venttiemeiennst hfier sttw oy ea5 rwsa,s throiunghha bi-taartcihointi e'sca atnryu tor cuea wna lakr ouannbddei ' n10.
primasruiplpyob ryKt aehdnm 'ost hwehrow, o rkaesads eamsktnrietstsi ng So powewrafKsua lhelnny g abgyea dr chittehchatetdu ercei adtteh dla att e
garmseanmtp folrle osc faaclt o6r ies. dattoed ecltihaneres t c holaanridsn hsitpee naridont l h aer chitceocutrusree
Thcei otfPy h iladwehlepKrhaeih lani, v heiedsn tliirwfeae ts,oe xegrrte at atth Uen iveorfPs eintnys ylvania.
influoennh ciceso nceoptfth ibeoe nn efipcotieaonlaft c iiaatlnyi d tsa rchitecture
int hlei voefis tc si tiHziefasnc sis.ac lac rosm,b iwniettdhhfa ec tth haets tarted
schloao(dtl ue te oh icso ntractfienvsgeh ros rcataflrttylehf ereat m ialryr'iisnv al
thUen itSetda tmeasd)Ke,a hsnh ayr ouontdh setru dtehnrtosu ghhiosu t
adolnecsYece.eht i cso nsidaerrtiastbtialcle ew netrsseo orne cogbnyih ziesd
teacahneKdra sh,bn e gtaotn a ke caottu hrPesu ebsIl nidcu sAtrrStic ahlo ol,
whosdei reJcL.ti obreT,ra tdeydm ,p hasliazregdec -hsacdlarkla ewo innt gh e
blackbato eacrhdnw,ih7qi Kucaehh wno ulladte emrp leoxyt en.Ts hiiivsen liytial
shesasn adn onymfoiltlyo,wb eynd o toifch eiu sn iqtuael ewnatsvs e,r y
yn
probatbhsleoy u rocfwe h awto ulbde coKmaeh na'csus teen sittoti hveit y
experoifbe enicanes g t udaec nhta,r acbtoetorhfih siotswi ntc e acahniodnf g
hicso nceopfttih oaenp prioaaptrrec hitesccthuboruoeil l odfi ngs.
WitTha dedn'cso uraagnegdmu eindtaK nachean,r' tsw soorowkno nas eries
ofW anmaakperri zceist,y -awwiadrfedo ysro unpge opalnead,f theewr a s
admittott ehPdeh iladseclhpsohyoislat fl eamg'ssih nispt iCteunttiHroiangl,h
Schohoidlsr, a wriencgespi rviefzdre otsmh p er eisotPuiesgn nsyAlcvaadneimay
ofF iAnret Ksa.h nm'ussi tcaallae lncstoosn titnodu eevde alnoidpwt ,a dsu ring
thtiismt ehh aeth elwpietdth hfa em ifilnya nbcype lsa yitnhpgei aanatos ilent
3.F raFnukr n(edsess iagnndGe ero)r Wg.eH ewitt,
movhioeu sLaet.we hre,tn h meo vhioeu rseep ltahcpeei daw niota hno rgan, PennsylAvcaandieoamf Fy i nAer tPsh,i ladelphia,
1871T-h6e.m aisnt airictsah sceee ntgraatlh ering
Kahlne artnope ldat yhoe r gianans inagfltee rinnoo rodnteo kr e etphj eo b. spacoeft hmeu seum.
161 7 1.D evelopmoefan nt Botihnh iyso uatnhad sa na duKlath,nd r'asw wienrgeesx hiibintt heed
•••••• arcthceiturpahli losophy PennsyAlcvaadnoeifFmayi A nret s,i n1b 8u7it2lot-t h6d e e siogtfnh gser eat
Philadaerlcphhiitae ct FTrhaiensxk t rFauorrndeiosnfsta .or py- lsietr ies
gallfeorciueossnte, hd ge r etaotlpi s-tt ahiarla lrf,eo rmweidtF hu rness's
chatrearcisetxipcraeslstlsryiu vacent rdui rceth elxyt wuarleSldts a.n idni ng
:i=-·9�:�.7-1±= t
thsipsa wchei,wc ahls a treers twoirteKhda hna'dsv iicties c, l ewahry
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.i.. , Sittoinan r gi verhsioilpdll,eti tkhePe a rthoennt ohAnec ropolis,
I.. ..�;. ,· -. ; " lb-:'-;-.....t- • • • • • • • • jI.:. . .'., .,.,,...,.l. l �. approbayac nhe eqdu amlolnyu mesneottfsa tla tihrPesh ,i ladMeulspehuima
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:.�·[7 1 ;� :���· � 192Y8ei.tit ts h meu seugmr'eesan tth rayalc lu,bm iacs osnprayc e open to the
:r buildfiuhnlegli' sgsuh rtr,o buyanc doeldo nmneazdzeadan nicdne en,to rne d
:e ,r: �
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.., r'u . ..,. •. platnhw,aa tts ob eap artairiclmuypl oritnaflnutoe nnK caeh. n
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, ,..,,r-: :J .:i• Finatlh3le0y tS,ht rSeteat,t iboiunn1i 9l2t9 t-ot3 h4de e siogfGn rsa ham,
AnderPsrooanbn,sWd th itweol,udh olsdp epcoiiagln iatnnh lceiyo f feL ouis
4 KahFno.Kr a htnh,pe a trhtta htse p aocfte hsce i ptlya iynep de oplliev'ess
Roomosf t hcei ty
'Ac isthyo buelap d l awchee re bao wyla iltkttihlnregoi utsgsth r ceaesnte sn se
whahtes omewdoauyll idtk obe e ', pronoluaintnlce ie rfdee c,Ka ahlhilnsi, n g
owyno uitnPh h ilad11' eTlhcpeihi tiesyas .selnlamty ie aetpilnaIgcit evs .a lued
byt hceh aroafic tatsvel arai bi1l2a isKt aihaenls ss'ao,ai ndi,dwt a isnt hcei otfy
PhiladtehlKapathh ina' st amlahenanybdt e se rne cogenniczoeudar,na dg ed
suppoarntwdeh deh,red e i scohvilesir feeldlo oovafner g c hitTehocept puorre.
tunittihheaehst a bde oeffne bryte hdce i htayadp rofaonuldno dn g-elfafsetcitn g
upoKna hann,hd ew ourledm aal ionyc ailtio zPfeh ni lafodreh liepsnh tiliair fee,
endeavtopou arbyia ntcghk e hdefe ebhlteot w etdhp el aWchei.hl ieds e cision
top ursaurec hiitnec cotluclraeemgr eea tlhaeatrne rd a tshuedrd eKnalhyn,' s
experwiheinglcreeo swu ipan ngbd e ginhnipisrn ogfe ssionapll aiccnae r eer took
an umboeftr h ger eawtoersoktfas r chiitneP chiatledlupraheS.i u cbhu ildings
counlohdta vfaei ltemoda kade e eipmp reosnts hiseoe nn syiotuimnvagen .
WillPieanmnb 'rsi l1l6i8ua2rn btpa lna fonrP hiladweiltpihht isa ,
north-(sBoruoatanhded )a st-(wMeasrbtko eutl)e cvraorsdasstti hnCegi ty
Halalni,dtg sro isfdt raeneqdtu sa retaeccrehsn ,to rnale adrp gaers kt,r etching
eatsowt e sfrto mr ivteorr i vweoru,bl edc oKmaeh anb'o sl ugtievs etna rting
poifonrtt h neu meruorubdsae ns pirgonp ohsewa olusol fdft eohr ib se loved
citTyh.o uhgehw oulsdo metqiumeessit tiesoff ne ctsia vsca cn iev ic
4.H oraTcreu mbaaunetdrh f ei orfmZa ntzi,n ger
Boirea ndM edauryp,p leerv fellop olraP nh,i ladelpihina stiitncu otnitoenm spoocriaKeratyhay nl, w haaytdsh dec etpr ce spfeocrt
MuseuomfA r1t9,19 -2.8T hemo numelsn ttaaircase
thhei stsoirginciaofilftc haPenh ciel adCeilHtpayhl ilaa aanni dm,m igrant,
isa ni ndepe,nf dreenetstealnedmiiennntg th e
centhraalll . hew aasl mroesvte irnhe inastf fefcottrihv oean r itoruu rceat susociated
5.G rahaAmn,d erPsroon,ba sntWd hti,e3 0th
StreSteaitot n,P hilade19l2p-9h3i4.Ta h,et rian witIhn depeMnadlewlnh,ci ec h memorialiczrteiildpc aaPirhnti ladelphia's
statwiaosan l waKyash np'rse feprlarceeodf e ntry
thbei rottfhh U en itSetdaa tasen sa tion.
inhtiobs elo vecdi ty.
5
wanso atna bstmraatctbteu wtra msa dceo ncirnee vteer yedvaeaynn ttdsh e onhea ntdh Set rucRtautriaolno afVl iiloesl-tlem-D uca nDde B audwoitt,h
181 9 1D.e velopmoefan nt
choitcheeesyn taiKlaehbdne. l itehvaoetnd se h ounlodet n ttehrce i btyy architepchtiulroaslo phy thesitrr ong foartf hfiGeno itthayin cod,n t hoet hhearnt dh cel assoifc ism
arriavttih aneig r paonbrdet i bnrgo uignbh yat u tomoonbe ixlper estshwaaty s Duranpde'rsm utsaytsitwveiemt i,ht s arrabtihmteerrt ahroycd omfboirn ing
habde ernu thlselsisiclneyttd oh c ei ty'sw ifatbharoniurycte gaforrid t s facawdiettshhm eo dufalbarroi ftc h beu ilidtilf.sn1'5egC rheitm seemlbfr aced
fundamehnitsatloa rnsidpc aaotlri daTleh rr.o ughhilosiu Kftae h,ln a mented aspeocfbt ostt hh eoermipelso,Dy uirnagn sdo'mse wah-amta tseyrsitaelm
thdee leteeffreiocofatu usst omuosboein tl hehe i stocriiAtclyoal.fhl i psl ans inh iosw nd espigrno cyeesstts a ttihntaghta e r ch'ictaencantlo lhtoi wm self
forP hiladienlvpohlvivaaer dim oeuasno sfp rotetchtceii n(tgoy ft ientn h e tofo rg.e.tt. h taht"e s piorfais tt"efo erlmi sn otth sep iorfsi tto 1n6T eh'i.s
litfeorraomlfss h ielwdailanlngsid )n tegtrhaet ianugt ionmttoohbc eii ltey debaptreo vteobd eo fc ritiimcpaolr ttaoKn achwenh ,o slea ter architectural
whimlien imiiztiismn pgao cntt h cei thyi'sst ofraibacrnaiodlcr dIentr h.i s worakt temwpittrshe, m arksaubclcteeoi s nst,e gtrhaetseea ptpwaor ently
iti sm osrte veatlhiaKntag h nne ver poasd sreisvlseiercd'e san ncdae,s, contrapdoiicontfvtoi sre yw .
ar esuwlatsl, a tienlr i afefa vourciutset oomfce ardb r ivaelrls over the Eugene-EmVmiaonlu-leDelut c-E'lnset restui/re' nasr ch(i2vt oelcst.u re
citwyh,o soep inihoesn osl iocinet veedir mya ginmaabtltdeeu rr ihnigs 1853a-n7Dd2i )c tiornaniasi(o1rn8en5 e4 p-r6o8p)oa snie ndt erproeft ation
freqruiedn13et s . architheicsttauonrradafoy lr m-langdueasgdiege nto efr mainindne sdp ired
FoKra htnh,e tnhp,er owpaetyro e ntPehri ladwealbspy th riaaair nr,i ving byt hnee cesosfic toinesst ruwcittpihao rnt,ie cmuplhaaorsn si tsr ucture.
att h3e0 tSht rSeteatt riiosnui,pfn rgo tmht er abceknse ianttthho ge r aynedt Almofisfttyy eabresfo Kraeh bne ghainss t udiinae rsc hitVeicotlulreet,- le
sevmeariehn a illtm,so numecnotlaoln fancaidtnehgsce i ttoty h eea asnttd h e Duch add edictahtseee dc ovnodl uomfhe i Esn trettoci oennsst ruction.
univetrots hiwete ys Tta.wl iln doowpseu nn dtehrhe i gshq uare-coffered Viloel-tl-eDucn ootn lrye viecwuerdrp ernatc btuiptcr eosp oassetdo nishing
ceialnibdne gt wtehemena sspiiveweri sts,ht eweallw kaypsl abceetdw teheen (yteetc tonliocgl)aih lcylabyrs itdr ucotfsu treaeensmld a sonirnyc,l utdhien g
glalsasy etrhsr,ow uhgihoc nhl tyhs ek iysv isiTbhl3ee0 .tS ht rSeteatt ion famoupse rspeocf't miavrehksaew ltil t rho oamb ov'ei'n,to eflr airohgrae l l'
iss eotn t hwee sbta nokft hSec huyRlikvielrl, taotd hjuean cievnetr sity, an'di raonmnda sonr-vyaulotlfianrsggp ea cwehsi'mc,uh s hta vmea daed eep
anedx tihtr oiutgmsha idno orwpalyao cneoesn t hMea rkSettr aexeittso impreosnsK iaohnn .
thCei tHya liln,tt hove e rhye aorfPt h iladelphia. ThBei btlhieoqNuaeta ileoi nnP aroif1s 8 54b-yV7 i5o llet-fleel-lDouwc 's
EcodleeBs e auxp-rAorfetssHs eonrLr,ai b ro-uwshtemera es opnerryi meter
Histaosryt haer chitfercite'nsd walelnsc laog sreio dfc ast-ciorlounms nusp poarrtcihnwegrd o ught-iron
Kahenn tetrhaeerd c hitceocutartutsh reUee n iveorfPs eintnys yllovcaantiead, trussesi,nt uwrchnai rctrhhy ne i nteo p-dloimteo sft hcee il-cilnega rly
dirleyac ctrotshSsec huyRlikvifrelorlm d owntoPwhni ladienlt phhei a, inspViiroeldl et-illselt-urDauatcni'tdose n foxsrt h iEsn treEtxiaemnposlf.e s
autuomf1n 9 2.A0tt. h at time, tKoawhunnn''i sv eh'rahswdoih mtaweyta s latbeuri ldtihwnaegtrs ie nt urinnfl uetnosc oemdde e gbryeV ei ollet-le-Duc's
recognaistz hehedi ghqeusatla irtcyh itpercotgurraaimlntm heUe n ited propoisnacllHsue dned rik PetSrtuosEc xkBc ehrailnnAag mgese t'esro dfa m
Stabtaess(e,aad sl w le raett h taitm et)h teoe na cmheitnhgoo ftd hsEe c odlees 1897-1w9i0ti3ht,b s r ick anwdas ltloasnb eu tmceanrtrsty hisnetg e el
Beauxi-nAP ratrPsia suP.lh ilCirpeapgt er, a doufta htEeec owlheot auignh t strucrtouorafen;ddA natdoelB ea udoSttJ' esad neM ontmartre Church
Philadferlop1mh9 i0ta3o 1 93l7e,td h iasc adeampipcr otaocc lha ssical inP aroif1s 8 9-1490,e4 mploywiinrge -reipneforrfocrebadrt iecdk work
architdeecstiuagrttna h lUe n iverosfPi etnynv saynliCar.e tte'asc hing fillweidtc ho ncraentdte h,i n coronocsfrh eetlrele ss,u litnai m nogd ern
(parablytl heoalfCte r de t's formaenrad r scthuidtoeefncfittscsute raw affhl o builtdhiantg rceommaersck laobtslotey hG eo tihdiecea vlea nsie tm pltohyes
weroent hfaec ulstuyca,hsJ ohHna rbeKsaohnnfi,'r ss t-cyreiwatarits co ) moscto ntempmoartaerrayinm adel tsh ods.
exearfu tn dameanntdla als tiinnflgu eonnKc aeh Fnu.r therCmroerte',s Jena-NicoslL-aouDiusr anPdr'esdc eilsse �do'nasr chidtoencnate uerse
interproeftt hcaelt aisoisnni hcearlwi otuablnedco efp a rticulart oi mportance l'EPcoollyet eocf1h 8n0ai2nq 1du8 e0 a5n,Rd e cueeptai rla dlelesed lifiecd ee s
Kahno'wsnd evelopWmheinCltre.e b te litehvcaeltda sswiactsih soemn ly toguetn arnec,ie emtno sd eorf1n 8e0sw0 e,rt eoh avfea-r raechiinnflgu eonnc e
valmioddo efa r chitdeecstihugearn la,fesl lo tt h caotn tempaorrcahriyt ectural thtee achainndpg r acotfia crec hitdeucrtitunhrgnee i neteceenntthu ry.
dessihgonub lemd o rceo ncewrinttehhdc e o rrceopcmot i tioofcn l emfeonrt s Durantde'xastn dm,o riem potrlthyai,nes x tensseitovsfme e ticulous
thpea rtisciutluaatrth iawonin ta hn pyr edetesrtmyiT!nh eipd r oblem illautsitporrnosp tohsaet mdaeybs eiu gnnd erwtiatkaehnan l mosscti entific
solving aacpcpertpohtiaeedc dteh ha na etwf unctainnod n cswo nxttw so uld precibsyei mopnl,o hyiissny gs toefcm o mposbiatsioeontdn h f eu ndamental
letaodn ewm odoesffo rmeaxlp re1•s sion. spateilaelm eonfat rsc hiet.De ucrtaunrd 'tphogesr iitedensdf, i lades,
Crientt rohdiussct eudd teotn httesw oop postihnc•goos nfa rchitectural colonnaaneddle esiv,oa notsfh iPsr eacsei sss enetmipaetllyle ym ewnhticsh ,
6.E ugene-EmVm1aonluleelt '-Pleer-sOpuecc,t ivde esiwghni,ch ha de mergientd h nei neteennttufhrr yo ctm h f-er ench iafp propcrhioastaeenncld oy m bicnoeudbl,ead r ratnoga ecdc ommoadna te
vieowfi nteorfli aorrhg aelp ll'af,tr eoE mn tretiens
su/r' archi1t8e7cT2th.ui drsre a,w iinllgu stratesR ationEaclodileseBst e auxt-sKA.er nneFtrha mpht.on1nos t l•d that Cret infinviatreio efpt ryo graasFm rsa'm,p ntoost.1n7e D uransdy'ssto efdm e sign
Viollet-l'sep -rOoupcoinsteedg roafth ieoanvy
masonaryn dlig hteiwghitr on. engahgiessdt ud'eindnte sb atthioenp gp ositthti, o nis Wl�ll·o·dntn h he t 6 tendteodd e -emphtahssepi ezcefi ufincc otria ornc hitpercotgurraaamslm e,
202 1 I,, ,...•I\ .q1_1 ,,tU 1 1,1- __ _ 1.D evelopmoefan nt somethhiewn ogu lrde apteedalcyk now-lbeudttgo et hdee velopment
,.,,r.rr. .r..�.•. .,; "II,.'..''.:1 ""jn "," ,._.'•:n.l' m0rn:� mn: ,.i.,: r,1:.i:- -,·m I,,TT ·I�f ...-".:r .-:·-.=:. ,--, �: �:i:; architepchtiulroaslo phy ofm anoyt heirnsc,l uLdeCi onrgb uasnidAe lrv Aaarl tmoa,k iinttg h e
.. r-1• ••r.-••1 .:r · �-..I .= -. L.-)!L.. .JJt ..j .. mositm porbtoaonoktfa rchitheicsttufoorrrta yhl fe i rgsetn eration of
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.:1 •w•,111•11•111 11.111U·.�.;.:�·f,· i,..· . ··. j 1 RomMeo drenoef1 84-507t,h rveoel uomfe s etpclhaestdhe osw ipnlga ns,
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n[1 · ..;u·· •.------r.. :.i1:;...;,.......-1. .·.-. .u �;.1_;.-...;:1- 1 ·· thteh rveoel uomfeH se ctDo'rE spoFurya'gsmd e'natrsc hiotf1e 9c0t5u,r e
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Kahnl'astc earr eEetri:e nneB-oLuolualinesdCe l aude-NLiecdooluaxs,
welalsa nsyp ecmiaftiecpr rioaple irnto iredtseo,pr r ivitlhueeng iev ersal Durand's great epirgehctuewrehsnootsrwheso- rcKkea nhwtnou urlyd
valiodfai tyn eustpraatolir adcleo rm poosfep du rseo laindvd o iTdh.e 'redisicn1o 9v5ea2rn;'td h pee leersasr cehoalohgiisstto,ar niddae ns igner
influeonfDc uer ancdo'msp osimteitohnhoaadldb eefnu rtehxetre nded GiovaBnantitP iisrta,awn heosseiei ghteenteht-ccheoinfRnt ogumsrge ya ve
throiutgdshe velobpymJ eunlGtia eund Certe,tt e'asc ahtte hrEe c oilnhe i,s vietwhswa etr aec cuyreactth ea rwgiettdhh m eo sstu blimep oswp-earat ial
Elemeenttt hse odre!i 'ea rchoift1 e8c9wt9hu,ir cCehr eitn trodaulcoendg, powtehrwa otu slodo dnr aKwa htnoR om-ea nwdh osfaen taismtaigci nary
witDhu ranPdr'esct iohs i,ss t udeTnhtees m.p haosnic so mposoift ion 'reconsotfrt uhCceat mipoMunas'r tdiiussto rfRi ocmtwe o ulhda nagb ove
elemewnotuslh da vteh ger eaitneflsuteo nnKc aeh wnh,o w ouledm ploy Kahnd'rsa wtianbfoglr me o sothf icsa r.Fe ienrailitnls o yct,l etaowr h aetx tent
ane lemeanptparlot aod cehsi inhg nil sa tweorr. k Kahwna si ntrowdhuicilensed c hotootl h weo rokft heea rnliyn eteenth
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