Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants

416 Pages·1982·17.37 MB·English

by  H. C. Martin (auth.)

LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS
Long-Range Transport
of Airborne Pollutants
Edited by
H. C. MARTIN
Reprinted from
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 18 Nos. 1,2, and 3
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT : HOLLAND / BOSTON : U.S.A.
WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION
EDITOR
B. M . Mce o H MA C. Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory,
Dept. 52-13/11202. 32S I Hanover Strect, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304, U.S.A.
EDITORIAL BOARD
N. O. Adepipe, Ibadall. Nigeria V, A, Kovda,Moscow, U.S_S.R.
E. ~1. Adema. Wagellillgell. n,e Netherlollds G. Lindner, Lidingo. Sweden
E. ASlolfi, Buenos Aires. Argcllfillo S. N. linzon, Toronto, Canl1da
M. Bara,Istollbul. Turkey U. Mingclgrin, Be! Dagan, Israel
C. A. Barlow. Otrawa. COl/ada D. P. Orrnrod, Guelph, CallOda
M. Bcnarie, Vert-ie·Petit. Prance H. M,I Japee, Rome, Italy
W. Bischof, Stockholm. Swedcl) K. C. Pillai,Bombay, Indio
R. J. Charlson, Seattle. Wash. J. E. Portmann,Bumham-on-Crouclt. U.K.
R. B,C lark,Nelllcastle-upol/-7)'lIc. U.K. R. R. Prasad, New Delhi, India
G. T. Csanady, Woods Hole, Mass. O. Prcining, Vienna, Austria
S. J. Eisenreich, Mil/I/capolis. Mil/II. R. A. Ragotzkie, Madisoll, Wise.
D. E. Elrick. Guelph, CUlluda E. Robinson, PuUnuJII, Wash.
S. Z. EI-Sayed, Col/ege Statiol/, Tex. H. Seki, Ibaraki, Japan
1. M. Erickson, Wasllillgtml. /J.e S. M. Siegel, HOIWlulu, Hawaii
E. F\6yn, Oslo. Non~'ay J. Smeels, BnlSSels, Belgium
W. R.G ardner, Tucson, Ari:. A, C. Stern, Chapel Hill, N.C
C. G. Goiueke, Riel/muI/d. Calif G. Tyler,LulUt. Sweden
W. F. Graham, Washillgtull. D.C. F. A. Uriarti, Quezoll City. Philippines
Y. Halirn, Alexalldria. J:'gYPI R. Varney. Palo Alto. Calif
L E. Herrera, Caracas, V"II,,;ue/e T. Viraraghavan, Fredericton. Canada
G, F. Humphrey, Sydney. Aus!ralia M, Waldichuk, West Vancouver. COllado
M, Hungspreugs, Bangkok. 71wikmd E. Z. Ziegler. BrooklYII, New York
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R, E,K ohn, Ed .... 'QrdSllilfl'. !fl. Zhou T onghuL Beiji"g. China
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7%8-0 e-ISBN-13: 978·94·009·7%6·6
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-7966-6
Onkr R~L Nu. 90-277-9073-0
Copyright ~ 1982 by I). Rddcl Publishin~ Company, Dordrccht. Holland
Softoo\'cr reprim orlhc hardoo\'cr I st edition 1982
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T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume 18 Nos. 1,2, and 3
H. C. MARTIN / Introduction 5
DOUGLAS M. WHELPDALE and LEONARD A. BARRIE / Atmospheric Moni-
toring Network Operations and Results in Canada 7
CLIFF l. DAVIDSON, JANEL M. MILLER, and MARK A. PLESKOW / The
Influence of Surface Structure on Predicted Particle Dry Deposition to
Natural Grass Canopies 25
W. G. N. SLINN / Estimates for the Long-Range Transport of Air Pollution 45
GEORGE T. WOLFF, NELSON A. KELLY, and MARTIN A. FERMAN / Source
Regions of Summertime Ozone and Haze Episodes in the Eastern United
States 65
C. H. CHAN and K. W. KUNTZ! Lake Ontario Atmospheric Deposition 1969- 1978 83
J. D. SHANNON and E. C. VOLDNER / Estimation of Wet and Dry Deposition
of Pollutant Sulfur in Eastern Canada as a Function of Major Source
Regions 101
ALLEN C. DITTENHOEFER / The Effects of Sulfate and Non-Sulfate Particles
on Light Scattering at the Mauna Loa Observatory 105
GOPAL SISTLA, ALAN 1. DOMARACKI, and SURY N. PUTTA ( Impact of
New York State Emission Sources on Class 1 Areas 123
DANIEL J. McNAUGHTON ! Modeling of First Plume Encounters with Precipita-
tion 129
M. P. OLSON, E. C. VOLDNER, and K. K. OlKAWA / A Computed Sulphur
Budget for the Eastern Canadian Provinces 139
..
;.
HALUK OZKAYNAK, P. BARRY RYAN, and LANCE F. BOSART / Modeling
of Pollutant Transport and Removal During a Regional Sulfate Episode 157
GILBERT S. RAYNOR and JANET V . HAYES ( Effects of Varying Air Trajec·
torie~ on Spatial and Temporal Precipitation Chemistry Patterns 173
G. M. HIDY / Bridging the Gap between Air Quality and Precipitation Chemistry 191
JERRE W. WILSON and VOLKER A. MOHNEN / An Analysis of Spatial Vari-
ability of the Dominant Ions in Precipitation in the Eastern United
States 199
MARY E. THOMPSON ( The Cation Denudation Rate as a Quantitative Index of
Sensitivity of Eastern Canadian Rivers to Acidic Atmospheric Precipita-
tion 215
DENIS W. HANSON, STEPHEN A. NORTON, and JOHN S. WILLIAMS (Modern
and Paleolimnological Evidence for Accelerated Leaching and Metal
Accumulation in Soils in New England, Caused by Atmospheric Deposi-
tion 227
P. J. DILLON, D. S. JEFFRIES, and W. A. SCHEIDER / The Use of Calibrated
Lakes and Watersheds for Estimating Atmospheric Deposition near a
Large Point Source 241
TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. W. SCHINDLER and M. A. TURNER / Biological, Chemical and Physical
Responses of Lakes to Experimental Acidification 259
RONALD J. HALL, 1. MICHAEL PRATT, and GENE E. LIKENS / Effects of
Experimental Acidification on Macroinvertebrate Drift Diversity in a
Mountain Stream 273
JOAN P. BAKER and CARL L. SCHOFIELD / Aluminum Toxicity to Fish in
Acidic Waters 289
HANS HULTBERG and INGV AR B. ANDERSSON / Liming of Acidified Lakes:
Induced Long-Term Changes 311
S. LAZAREK I Structure and Productivity of Epiphytic Algal Communities on
Lobelia dortmanna L in Acidified and Limed Lakes 333
D. J. A. BROWN / The Effect of pH and Calcium on Fish and Fisheries 343
HAGUE H. VAUGHAN, JOHN K. UNDERWOOD, and J. GORDON OGDEN,
III I Acidification of Nova Scotia Lakes I: Response of Diatom Assem-
blages in the Halifax Area 353
STEPHEN F. DUCHELLE, J. M. SKELLY, and BORIS 1. CHEVONE / Oxidant
Effects on Forest Tree Seedling Growth in the Appalachian Mountains 363
A. J. FRANCIS I Effects of Acidic Precipitation and Acidity on Soil Microbial
Processe s 375
LANCE S. EVANS and LAND AND FRESHWATER ENVIDONMENTAL SCI
ENCES GROUP I Effects of Acidity in Precipitation on Terrestrial
Vegetation 395
J. D. ABER, G. R. HENDREY, D. B. BOTKIN, A.1. FRANCIS, and J. M.
MELILLO I Potential Effects of Acid Precipitation on Soil Nitrogen
and Productivity of Forest Ecosystems 405
S. R. SHEWCHUK I An Acid Deposition Perspective for Northeastern Alberta
and Northern Saskatchewan 413
MARTIN J. LECHOWICZ / The Effects of Simulated Acid Precipitation on
Photosynthesis in the Caribou Lichen Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Broda 421
Announcement 431
Index to Volume 18, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 433
INTRODUCTION
Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants and Acid Rain Conference
This issue of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution is devoted to the collection of papers
presented at the Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants and Acid Rain Con
ference held at Albany, N.Y., April 27-30, 1981. The issue includes most of the invited
papers as well as a good number of the poster papers. The conference consisted of seven
plenary sessions at which the invited papers were presented. After each session the
participants discussed the session topic in the poster area where the subject was further
explored and expanded. The seven technical sessions were:
(1) Networks.
(2) Models of Delivery.
(3) Interactions with Soils and Ground Water.
(4) Calibrated Water Sheds.
(5) Effects on Aquatic Biota.
(6) Effects on Terrestrial Biota.
(7) Health implications.
The closing session was devoted to the topic 'The Application of Scientific and
Technical Data to the Development of Government Policy; Acid Rain - A Case Study'.
The four papers given are not included here.
This conference was sponsored by the American Meteorological Society and the
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. Although the sponsors are both
meteorological organizations, it was the intention of the program committee to bring
together scientists from all disciplines involved in the LRTA P issue in order to focus on
the interdisciplinary nature of this environmental problem. It was our intention to:
(1) Examine the interfaces between various disciplines such as soil-atmosphere inter
actions, atmosphere-vegetation interactions, etc.; and
(2) Examine available models of all components of the problem including, among
others, atmospheric delivery, geochemistry and hydrology, and aquatic effects.
The papers contained herein should provide a valuable source of information on many
of the broader problem areas being addressed. The high quality ofthese papers is a tribute
to the authors. The important requirement of bridging disciplines in this unusual environ
mental problem, may not be entirely reflected here. Bearing in mind that the plenary
sessions included a diversity of scientists who participated openly in the questions and
discussions, I trust that that goal was achieved at Albany. Because it is critically
important to follow the pathways taken by pollutants once they leave the emission point
it would seem prudent to undertake similar gatherings from time to time in order to
Water. Air. and Soil Pollution 18 (1982) 5-6. 0049-6979/82/0181-0005$00.20.
Copyright © 1982 by D. Reidel Publishing Co .. Dordrecht. Holland. and Boston. U. S. A.
6 INTRODUCTION
provide an opportunity for researchers to reexamine the links between the 'residences'
of pollutants along these pathways.
Federal LRTAP Liaison Office, H, C. MARTIN
Atmospheric Environment Service. Program Chairman
4905 Dufferin Street,
Downsview, Ontario, M3H 5T4,
Canada
ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING NETWORK OPERATIONS AND
RESULTS IN CANADA
DOUGLAS M. WHELPDALE and LEONARD A. BARRIE
Atmospheric Environment Service. 4905 Dufferin Street. Downsview. Ontario. Canada. M3H 5T4
(Received 10 July, 1981; Revised 5 October, 1981)
Abstract. Atmospheric monitoring activities in Canada relevant to the long-range transport of atmospheric
pollutants and the 'acid rain' problem are reviewed. Particular aspects examined are network objectives,
station density and location, sampling protocol, and quality assurance. Results from a number of these
networks are presented for the purpose of outlining the nature and extent of air and precipitation contami
nation by pollution released in eastern North America. Examples discussed include: the spatial distribution
of acidic wet deposition, the temporal variation of acid-related substances in both air and precipitation, an
episode of long-range transport, and the impact of acidic emissions on the Arctic atmosphere.
Acidic wet deposition is greatest in Canada east of the Manitoba-Ontario border. In 1978, it ranged from
18 to 46 mmol H + m-2 yr-I in the southern half of eastern Canada, with maxima in southern Ontario
(44 mmol H + m-1 yr-I) and southwestern Quebec (46 mmol H + m-2 yr-I). Western Canada receives less
acidity in precipitation, but areas of some concern are the Pacific Coast (10 mmol H + m-2 yr-I) and to a
lesser extent northern Alberta and Saskatchewan (3 to 5 mmol H + m-2 yr-I). Acidic emissions from
mid-latitude sources which reach the Arctic in winter cause an increase in the acidity of snow from a pH
of approximately 5.6 in the summer to avlues of 4.9 to 5.1 in January through March.
1. Introduction
The routine collection of reliable data on regional and global background air and
precipitation quality has had a rather brief history in Canada. Prior to approximately
1970 precipitation composition data were collected to support scattered studies of
nutrient budgets or smelter damage in areas of small geographical extent. Routine
atmospheric measurements of gas and particle concentrations outside urban areas were
virtually unheard of.
Concern about nutrient inputs led to the establishment of a network around the Great
Lakes in 1969, and then, as interest in monitoring background air quality grew inter
nationally, ten Canadian stations were established in the WMO Background Air Pollu
tion Monitoring Network, beginning in 1973. In the following few years concern about
acid rain increased rapidly in Canada, at first in connection with the impact of point
sources, particularly in Ontario and Alberta, and then, as a larger scale phenomenon.
This resulted in the establishment of networks and studies by several federal and
provincial agencies. In the last few years, the number of measurement programs has
increased greatly as has the number of chemical species being monitored.
Development of networks in the eariy part of the last decade was rapid and rather
uncoordinated as far as sampling procedures, analysis methods, and quality assurance
practices were concerned. However, with the establishment and use of central data banks
and inter-laboratory sample exchange programs, coordination and data compatibility are
improving rapidly.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 18 (1982) 7-23. 0049-6979/82/0181-0007$02.55.
Copyright © 1982 by D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, and Bos/on, U.S.A.
8 D. M. WHELPDALE AND L. A. BARRIE
Initially, most effort was concentrated on the measurement of the chemical compo
sition of precipitation as a rough indicator of air quality. Now, however, interest is much
broader. Air monitoring, an essential tool in the investigation of long-range transport,
is being done at many locations, including several in the Arctic.
Network measurements are made across most ofthe country (Figure 1), with sampling
density greatest in areas where problems are perceived to be greatest (e.g. in southeastern
Canada and the Alberta Oil Sands region). The diversity of purpose remains large,
ranging from background trends to calibrated watershed inputs. As geographical cover
age has improved, it has become clear that more intensive sampling, both spatially and
temporally, is required in many ecologically sensitive areas, both for model validation
purposes, and to satisfy the needs of scientists in other disciplines.
During the last few years of intensive research on acid precipitation and long-range
transport, we have learned the value and necessity of having high-quality, long-term data
bases containing atmospheric concentration and deposition information. We have also
learned how essential it is to use, analyze and interpret the data available.
The remainder of this paper contains a brief description of networks in Canada
followed by a discussion of aspects of the long-range transport and acidic deposition
phenomena in the country. The discussion is illustrated by current results from selected
networks.
2. Description of Networks
Table I lists characteristics of major networks in Canada in which measurements relevant
to acid precipitation and long-range transport are being made, and Figure 1 shows the
locations of stations in these networks. For each network the table shows the sponsoring
organization, the geographical area of interest, an abbreviated statement of purpose, the
period of operation, the number of stations, measurements made, and sampling period.
For further details, see NRCC (1981).
During the last decade, monitoring networks have been established for a variety of
purposes, with the result that sampling procedures and results have not always been
comparable. In broad terms, it is possible to identify three types of networks (not
necessarily mutually exclusive):
(i) national networks, which operate primarily to survey and monitor large-scale
distributions in both time and space - e.g., the Canadian Network for Sampling
Precipitation, the WMO Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network, and the
Canadian Network for Sampling Organics in Precipitation;
(ii) regional networks, which were established to undertake monitoring in particular
regions (often political jurisdictions) of interest, and/or for specific problems - e.g., the
Air and Precipitation Monitoring Networl<, the Canadian Arctic Air Pollution Program
Network, the Great Lakes Precipitation Chemistry Network, and networks operated by
provInces;
(iii) special interest networks, which were established to examine the impact of a
specific source, industry 6r industrial region - e.g., the Ontario Hydro Network, the
ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING NETWORK OPERATIONS AND RESULTS IN CANADA 9
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