Table Of ContentWORKSHOPS IN COMPUTING
Series edited by C. J. van Rijsbergen
Also in this series
Z User Workshop, York 1991, Proceedings of the Formal Methods In Databases and Software
Sixth Annual Z User Meeting, York, Engineering, Proceedings of the Workshop on
1~17 December 1991 Formal Methods in Databases and Software
J.E. Nicholls (Ed.) Engineering, Montreal, Canada, 15-16 May 1992
V.S. Alagar, Laks V.S. Lakshmanan and
Formal Aspects of Measurement F. Sadri (Eds.)
Proceedings of the BCS-FACS Workshop on
Formal Aspects of Measurement, South Bank Modelling Database Dynamics
University, London, 5 May 1991 Selected Papers from the Fourth International
Tim Denvir, Ros Herman and R.W. Whitty (Eds.) Workshop on Foundations of Models and
Languages for Data and Objects, Volkse, Germany,
AI and Cognitive Science '91 19-22 October 1992
University College, Cork, 19-20 September 1991 Udo W. Lipeck and Bernhard Thalheim (Eds.)
Humphrey Sorensen (Ed.)
14th Information Retrieval Colloquium
5th Refinement Workshop, Proceedings of the 5th Proceedings of the BCS 14th Information
Refinement Workshop, organised by BCS-FACS, Retrieval Colloquium, University of Lancaster,
London, 8-10 January 1992 13-14 April 1992
aiff B. Jones, Roger C. Shaw and Tony McEnery and Chris Paice (Eds.)
Tim Denvir (Eds.)
Functional Programming, Glasgow 1992
Algebraic Methodology and Software Proceedings of the 1992 Glasgow Workshop on
Technology (AMAST'91) Functional Programming, Ayr, Scotland,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference ~8 July 1992
on Algebraic Methodology and Software John Launchbury and Patrick Sansom (Eds.)
Technology, Iowa City, USA, 22-25 May 1991
M. Nivat, C. Ranray, T. Rus and G. Scollo (Eds.) Z User Workshop, London 1992
Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Z User
ALPUK92, Proceedings of the 4th UK Meeting, London, 14-15 December 1992
Conference on Logic Programming, J.P. Bowen and J.E. Nicholls (Eds.)
London, 30 March -1 April 1992
Krysia Broda (Ed.) Interfaces to Database Systems (IDS92)
Proceedings of the First International Workshop
Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation on Interfaces to Database Systems,
Proceedings of LOPS1R 92, International Glasgow, 1-3 July 1992
Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Richard Cooper (Ed.)
Transformation, University of Manchester,
2-3 July 1992 AI and Cognitive Science '92
Kung-Kiu Lau and Tim aement (Eds.) University of Limerick, 10-11 September 1992
Kevin Ryan and Richard F.E. Sutcliffe (Eds.)
NAPA W 92, Proceedings of the First North
American Process Algebra Workshop, Stony Brook, Theory and Formal Methods 1993
New York, USA, 28 August 1992 Proceedings of the First Imperial College
S. Purushotharnan and Amy Zwarico (Eds.) Department of Computing Workshop on Theory
and Formal Methods, Isle of Thoms Conference
Arst International Workshop on Larch Centre, Chelwood Gate, Sussex, UK,
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on 29-31 March 1993
Larch, Dedham, Massachusetts, USA, Geoffrey Bum, Simon Gay and Mark Ryan (Eds.)
13-15 Julyl992
Ursula Martin and Jeannette M. Wing (Eds.) Algebraic Methodology and Software
Technology (AMAST'93)
Persistent Object Systems Proceedings of the Third International Conference
Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on on Algebraic Methodology and Software
Persistent Object Systems, San Miniato (Pisa), Technology, University of Twente, Enschede,
Italy, 1-4 September 1992 The Netherlands, 21-25 June 1993
Antonio Albano and Ron Morrison (Eds.) M. Nivat, C. Rattray, T. Rus and G. Scollo (Eds.)
continued on back page ...
Yves Deville (Ed.)
Logic Program Synthesis
and Transformation
Proceedings of LOPSTR 93,
International Workshop on Logic
Program Synthesis and Transformation,
Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium,
7-9 July 1993
Published in collaboration with the
British Computer Society
Springer-Verlag
London Berlin Heidelberg New York
Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Barcelona Budapest
Yves Deville
Unite d'Informatique
Universite Catholique de Louvain
Place Sainte-Barbe 2
B-1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium
ISBN-13:978-3-540-19864-2 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4471-3234-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4471-3234-9
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation: Proceedings of LOPSTR 93.
International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation.
Louvain-Ia-Neuve. Belgium, 7-9 July 1993. - (Workshops in Computing Series)
I. Deville, Yves ll. Series
005.1
ISBN-13:978-3-540-19864-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. or
criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act
1988. this publication may only be reproduced. stored or transmitted. in any form.
or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers. or in the
case of repro graphic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued
by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside
those terms should be sent to the publishers.
©British Computer Society 1994
The use of registered names. trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply.
even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names arc exempt from the
relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general usc.
The publisher makes no representation. express or implied. with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Typesetting: Camera ready by contributors
34/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper
Foreword
This volume contains extended versions of papers presented at the Third
International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation
(LOPSTR 93) held in Louvain-la-Neuve in July 1993. Much of the
success of the workshop is due to Yves Deville who served as Organizer
and Chair.
Many people believe that machine support for the development and
evolution of software will play a critical role in future software
engineering environments. Machine support requires the formalization
of the artifacts and processes that arise during the software lifecycle.
Logic languages are unique in providing a uniform declarative notation
for precisely describing application domains, software requirements, and
for prescribing behavior via logic programs. Program synthesis and
transfonnation techniques formalize the process of developing correct
and efficient programs from requirement specifications. The natural
intersection of these two fields of research has been the focus of the
LOPSTR workshops.
The papers in this volume address many aspects of software develop-
ment including: deductive synthesis, inductive synthesis, transforma-
tions for optimizing programs and exploiting parallelism, program
analysis techniques (particularly via abstract interpretation), meta-
programming languages and tool support, and various extensions to
Prolog-like languages, admitting non-Horn clauses, functions, and
constraints. Despite the progress represented in this volume, the transition
from laboratory to practice is fraught with difficulties. Some of the
challenges that researchers face include (1) the development of techniques
for handling more complex and realistic problems, (2) wider availability
of implemented systems that can support experiments and education, and
(3) support for software evolution. In future LOPSTR workshops we can
look forward to continued progress in these areas and signs that the field
is fulfilling its promise of radical improvements to software engineering
practice.
Palo Alto Douglas R. Smith
October 1993
Preface
LOPSTR 93, held from 7-9 July 1993, in Louvain-Ia-Ncuve, Belgium, is
the third in a series of International Workshops on Logic Program
Synthesis and Transformation. The aim of these meetings is to present
recent work and to discuss new ideas and trends in logic program
synthesis and transformation, as well as related fields. This year, the
LOPSTR workshop was held jointly with the Program Development
Area Meeting of Compunet, the Esprit Network in Computational Logic.
The workshop brought together 55 researchers from 12 different
countries, and 28 talks were presented. This volume contains 19 original
contributions in logic program synthesis and transformation, including
an invited paper from Douglas R. Smith. Our thanks to all the contributors
to the workshop who made LOPSTR 93 a success.
We would like to thank the other Program Committee members for
their contribution and fruitful collaboration during the preparation of the
workshop and the selection of papers. We thank them and the other
referees for their detailed and timely refereeing of the submitted papers.
We are most grateful to the Esprit Network in Computational Logic,
and the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research for their financial
support. Special thanks to Vincent Lombart for his help in organizing the
workshop and preparing these proceedings.
Louvain-Ia-Neuve Yves Deville
October 1993
Program Committee
Danny De Schreye
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Yves Deville (Chair)
Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Laurent Fribourg
L.I.E.N.S., France
John Gallagher
University of Bristol, UK
Kung-Kiu Lau
University of Manchester, UK
Baudouin Le Charlier
University of Namur, Belgium
Maurizio Proietti
IASI - CNR Roma, Italy
Referees
M. Bouattour
D. Boulanger
M. Bruynooghe
T. Clement
L. De Raedt
D. De Schreye
Y. Deville
P. Flener
L. Fribourg
J. Gallagher
P. Hill
J.-M. Jacquet
J. Jones
K.-K. Lau
B. Le Charlier
V. Lombart
E. Marakakis
B. Martens
R. Moolenaar
A. Pettorossi
Contents
Toward the Synthesis of Constraint Propagation Algorithms
D.R. Smith (Invited Speaker).............................................. ................... 1
A Formal View of Specification, Deductive Synthesis and
Transformation of Logic Programs
K.-K. Lau and M. Ornaghi .................................................................. 10
Reachability Analysis for the Extension Procedure -
A Topological Result
G. Neugebauer ..................................................................................... 32
Inductive Synthesis of Logic Programs and Inductive Logic
Programming
F. Bergadano and D. Gunetti .............................................................. 45
Induction of Prolog Programs with Markus
M. Grobelnik ..................... ....... ... .... ..... ....... ........ ......... ........................ 57
A General Technique for Automatically Generating Efficient
Programs Through the Use of Proof Planning (Abstract)
P. Madden. J. Hesketh. I. Green and A. Bundy................................. 64
Guiding Synthesis Proofs
V. Lombart. G. Wiggins and Y. Deville .............................................. 67
Combining Prolog Programs in a Techniques Editing
System (Abstract)
M. Vargas-Vera. D. Robertson and R. Inder ..................................... 82
Designing Prolog Programming Techniques
W. Weber Vasconcelos ........................................................................ 85
Interactive Program Derivation Using Program Schemata and
Incrementally Generated Strategies
A.-L. Johansson................................................................... ............... 100
The Power of Partial Evaluation
D.A. de Waal...................................................................................... 113
Specialising the Ground Representation in the Logic
Programming Language GMel
C.A. Gurr ............................................................................................ 124
xii Contents
Synthesis of Programs from UnfoldlFold Proofs
M. Proietti and A. Pettorossi ............................................................ 141
Some Further Issues in Finite Unfolding (Abstract)
B. Martens and D. De Schreye .......................................................... 159
A Transformation Based on the Equality Between Terms
U. Neumerkel............................................................................ .......... 162
Automatic Exploitation of Non-Determinate Independent
And-Parallelism in the Basic Andorra Model
M. Olmedilla. F. Bueno and M. Hermenegildo ............................... 177
Memoing with Abstract Answers and Delphi Lemmas
P. Tarau and K. De Bosschere .......................................................... 196
Using Abstract Interpretation for Goal Replacement
D. Boulanger and M. Bruynooghe .................................................... 210
Mechanical Transformation of Logic Definitions Augmented
with Type Information into Prolog Procedures: Some Experiments
P. De Boeck and B. Le Charlier ....................................................... 229
Author Index ..................................................................................... 247
Toward the Synthesis of Constraint
Propagation Algorithms *
Douglas R. Smith
Kestrel Institute
3260 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94304 USA
1 Introduction
Within the last decade logic programming has developed into constraint logic
programming. One motivation for this development has been the need to han-
dle richer data structures in a manner consistent with the nondeterministic and
relational style of logic programming. It was realized early on that ordinary
unification was equation solving over trees. From there it was a natural step to
allow equation solving over more complex structures (e.g. lists, booleans, inte-
gers) and further to allow constraint solving in various theories (e.g. monoids,
boolean algebras, real closed fields). From another point of view, constraint
logic programming languages, such as PROLOG III [2], CLP(R) [5], and CHIP
[4], can be seen as attempts to integrate the best features of logic programming
and work on constraint satisfaction algorithms in Artificial Intelligence and
Operations Research. See [1] for an overview of constraint logic programming.
In a constraint program, a constraint set partially characterizes the objects
of interest and their relationships. Constraint propagation is one of the key
operations on constraints in constraint logic programming. As committments
are made that further characterize some object, consequences of those com-
mittments are inferred and added as new constraints. Efficiency concerns drive
us to look closely at (1) the representation of constraints, (2) inference proce-
dures for solving constraints and deriving consequences, and (3) the capture of
inferred consequences as new constraints.
It is natural to begin to consider the problem of synthesizing constraint
logic programs. We report here on our current efforts at developing automated
methods for deriving problem-specific constraint propagation code. This effort
is part of a broader development of automated tools for transforming formal
specifications into efficient and correct programs. The KIDS system [8] serves
as the testbed for our experiments and provides tools for performing deductive
inference, algorithm design, expression simplification, finite differencing, par-
tial evaluation, data type refinement, and other transformations. We have used
KIDS to derive over 60 algorithms for a wide variety of application domains, in-
cluding scheduling, combinatorial design, sorting and searching, computational
geometry, pattern matching, and mathematical programming.
A transportation scheduling application motivated our constraint propaga-
tion work [11]. The problem is NP-complete and is partly characterized by
"This research was supported in part by ARPA/Rome Laboratories under Contract
F30602-91-C-0043. in part by the Office of Naval Research under Grant N00014-90-J-1733.
and in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Contract F49620-91-C-0073.
