Localized Micro/Nanocarriers for Programmed and On-Demand Controlled Drug Release

266 Pages·2022·22.605 MB·English

by  Seyed Morteza Naghib, Samin Hoseinpour, Shadi Zarshad

Localized Micro/Nanocarriers
for Programmed and On-
Demand Controlled Drug
Release
Authored by
Seyed Morteza Naghib
Samin Hoseinpour
&
Shadi Zarshad
Nanotechnology Department
School of Advanced Technologies
Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)
P.O. Box 16846-13114
Tehran, Iran
Localized Micro/Nanocarriers for Programmed
and On-Demand Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Seyed Morteza Naghib, Samin Hoseinpour & Shadi Zarshad
ISBN (Online): 978-981-5051-63-6
ISBN (Print): 978-981-5051-64-3
ISBN (Paperback): 978-981-5051-65-0
© 2022, Bentham Books imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers Pte. Ltd. Singapore. All Rights Reserved.
First published in 2022.
BSP-EB-PRO-9789815051636-TP-257-TC-10-PD-20220930
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ i
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ i
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. i
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO LOCALIZED CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS (LCDDSS) ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. HISTORY AND STATISTICAL TRENDS IN LCDDS ...................................................... 1
1.2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT OF LCDDS ....................................... 7
1.3. CHALLENGES IN LOCALIZED STIMULI RESPONSIVE MATERIALS ................... 13
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2 CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES IN LOCALIZED CONTROLLED DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEMS (LCDDSS) ....................................................................................................... 20
2.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 20
2.2. GRAPHENE ............................................................................................................................. 21
2.3. GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) ..................................................................................................... 23
2.4. REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE (RGO) ............................................................................. 26
2.5. ENDOGENOUS STIMULI-RESPONSIVE LOCALIZED DRUG DELIVERY WITH
GRAPHENE .................................................................................................................................... 29
2.5.1. pH-responsive Localized Drug Delivery With Graphene ............................................. 29
2.5.2. Redox-responsive Localized Drug Delivery with Graphene ........................................ 29
2.6. GRAPHENE-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS RESPONSIVE TO EXTERNAL
PHYSICAL STIMULI ................................................................................................................... 30
2.6.1. Light-responsive Drug Delivery Systems with Graphene ............................................ 30
2.6.2. Temperature-responsive Drug Delivery Systems with Graphene ................................ 31
2.7. TOXICITY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF GRAPHENE MATERIALS .................... 31
2.8. CARBON NANOTUBE (CNT) .............................................................................................. 33
2.8.1. Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) .................................................................... 36
2.8.2. Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) ..................................................................... 36
2.9. FULLERENE ........................................................................................................................... 37
2.10. OTHER CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES: ........................................................................ 38
2.11. BLACK PHOSPHORUS (BP) .............................................................................................. 39
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 3 POLYMERS IN LOCALIZED CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
(LCDDSS) ................................................................................................................................................. 46
3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 46
3.2. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS .................................................................................................... 52
3.2.1. Polyesters ...................................................................................................................... 52
3.2.1.1. Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) ....................................... 52
3.2.1.2. Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid (PLGA) .............................................................. 54
3.2.1.3. Polycaprolactones (PCL) ................................................................................. 55
3.2.1.4. Poly(Alkyl Cyanoacrylates) (PACA) ................................................................ 57
3.2.3. Poly(Ortho Esters) ........................................................................................................ 57
3.2.4. Poly(Anhydrides) .......................................................................................................... 58
3.2.5. Poly(amides) ................................................................................................................. 59
3.2.6. Poly(Ester Amides) ....................................................................................................... 59
3.2.7. Poly(Phosphoesters) ...................................................................................................... 60
3.3. NATURALLY-DERIVED POLYMERS ............................................................................... 60
3.3.1. Polysaccharides-Based Polymers .................................................................................. 60
3.3.1.1. Chitosan ........................................................................................................... 61
3.3.1.2. Hyaluronic Acid-based Polymers .................................................................... 62
3.3.2. Polypeptides-Based Polymers ....................................................................................... 63
3.3.2.1. Collagen-based Polymers & Gelatin-based Polymers .................................... 64
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 65
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 4 CARBON NANOSTRUCTURE/POLYMER COMPOSITES PROCESSING AND
CHARACTERISTICS IN LOCALIZED CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
(LCDDSS) ................................................................................................................................................. 71
4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 71
4.2. MICROSTRUCTURES .......................................................................................................... 76
4.3. GLASS TRANSITION OF POLYMER MATRIX .............................................................. 79
4.4. HYDROPHOBICITY AND HYDROPHILICITY OF COMPOSITES ............................ 82
4.5. MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER MATRIX ......................................................... 84
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 87
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 88
CHAPTER 5 COMPOSITES IN LOCALIZED CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
(LCDDSS) ................................................................................................................................................. 93
5.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 93
5.2. MICROSCALED COMPOSITES IN DDS ........................................................................... 96
5.3. NANOSCALED COMPOSITES IN DDS ............................................................................. 97
5.4. THE EPR EFFECT ................................................................................................................. 100
5.5. FABRICATION METHODS OF MICRO/NANOSCALED COMPOSITES ................... 103
5.5.1. Emulsification-solvent Evaporation .............................................................................. 103
5.5.2. Spray Drying ................................................................................................................. 105
5.5.3. Electrospraying ............................................................................................................. 107
5.5.4. Supercritical Fluids Processing (SCF) .......................................................................... 108
5.5.4.1. The Supercritical Anti-Solvent (SAS) Technique ............................................. 109
5.5.4.2. Supercritical CO2 Foaming (SF) ..................................................................... 110
5.5.5. Microfluidics ................................................................................................................. 111
5.5.6. ProLease Technique ...................................................................................................... 111
5.5.7. Nanoprecipitation/Solvent Displacement ..................................................................... 112
5.5.8. Emulsion Techniques .................................................................................................... 113
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 114
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 114
CHAPTER 6 EXOGENEOUS-TRIGGERED DELIVERY IN LOCALIZED CONTROLLED
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (LCDDSS) .......................................................................................... 120
6.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 120
6.2. THERMO-RESPONSIVE DRUG RELEASE ...................................................................... 121
6.2.1. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) vs poly(Nvinylcaprolactam)-based Composites ........... 125
6.2.2. Oligoethylene Glycol-based Composites ...................................................................... 128
6.2.3. Degradable Composites ................................................................................................ 130
6.3. LIGHT-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY ........................................................................ 131
6.3.1. UV-light-responsive Drug Delivery ............................................................................. 133
6.3.2. NIR-light-responsive Drug Delivery ............................................................................ 136
6.4. ULTRASOUND-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY .......................................................... 137
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 141
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 141
CHAPTER 7 ENDOGENOUS-TRIGGERED DELIVERY IN LOCALIZED CONTROLLED
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (LCDDSS) .......................................................................................... 152
7.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 152
7.2. REDOX-SENSITIVE DRUG DELIVERY ........................................................................... 153
7.3. OXIDATION-SENSITIVE DRUG DELIVERY .................................................................. 158
7.4. PH-SENSITIVE DRUG DELIVERY .................................................................................... 159
7.5. ENZYME-SENSITIVE DRUG DELIVERY ........................................................................ 167
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 170
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 171
CHAPTER 8 NANOPARTICLES-MEDIATED LOCALIZED CONTROLLED DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEMS (LCDDSS) ....................................................................................................... 179
8.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 179
8.2. GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN TRIGGERED DRUG DELIVERY .................................. 182
8.3. MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES IN TRIGGERED DRUG DELIVERY ....................... 187
8.4. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE-BASED NANOPARTICLES IN TRIGGERED DRUG
DELIVERY ..................................................................................................................................... 194
8.5. MESOPOROUS SILICA ........................................................................................................ 196
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 201
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 202
CHAPTER 9 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING IN DEVELOPING LOCALIZED
CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (LCDDSS) ............................................................. 211
9.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 211
9.2. 3D PRINTING METHODS .................................................................................................... 213
9.3 THE ROLE OF 3D PRINTING IN DEVELOPING AND FABRICATING DDSS ........ 217
9.4. FROM 3D PRINTING TO 4D PRINTING ........................................................................... 220
9.5. DESIGNING IN 4D PRINTING ............................................................................................ 225
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 228
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 229
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOKS ......................................................... 238
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 243
SUBJECT INDEX .................................................................................................................................... (cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:25)
i
PREFACE
In the healthcare field, providing optimal treatment to individual patients is of primary
concern. Drug delivery systems can regulate drug release rate to get the desired profile, ensure
high therapeutic effectiveness, and reduce side effects that are very interesting in
pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The localized drug delivery presents various
factors designed to enable the delivery of therapeutic agents, such as drugs, genes, proteins,
etc., directly to the site of disease in a controlled manner, sparing off-target cell/tissue
toxicities. In this context, one of the considerable challenges in systemic drug delivery
systems is to get the desired drug concentration at the specific organ, reduce side effects, and
prevent drug inefficiency. The present book entitled "smart stimuli-responsive
micro/nanocarriers for programmed and on-demand localized controlled drug release" is one
of the first books on the market that focuses on localized drug delivery with enhanced drug
release at the target site, reduced local toxicity, and better patient compliance in order to
inspire readers to design and create novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of a wide
range of diseases.
In this book, the present chapters provide a detailed introduction to polymers, nanostructures,
and stimuli-responsive materials and their great potential for opening new avenues to address
several challenges in conventional dosage forms in localized drug delivery systems. This
book is ideally designed for researchers working in pharmaceuticals, bionanotechnologies,
biomedical engineering, materials science, and related industries.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Declared none.
Seyed Morteza Naghib
Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies
Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)
P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran
Iran
Localized Micro/Nanocarriers for Controlled Drug Release, 2022, 1-19 1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Localized Controlled Drug
Delivery Systems (LCDDSs)
Abstract: Localized controlled drug delivery systems (LCDDS) that can control drug
release profiles to ensure high therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects are highly
desired in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Biodegradable drug delivery
depots have been investigated over the last several decades as the means to improve
tumor targeting and severe systemic morbidities associated with intravenous
chemotherapy treatments. These localized therapies exist in a variety of factors
designed to facilitate the controlled drug delivery, directly to the disease site, sparing
off-target tissue toxicities. Many of these depots are biodegradable and designed to
maintain therapeutic concentrations of drugs at the tumor site for a prolonged period of
time. The depots are placed inside the body through a single implantation procedure,
sometimes simultaneously with the tumor excision surgery, following the complete
release of the loaded active agent. Even though localized depot delivery systems have
been widely investigated, only a small subset have demonstrated curative preclinical
results for cancer applications, from which just a few have reached commercialization.
Keywords: Biomedical field, Drug delivery system, Localized controlled drug
delivery, Pharmaceutical application.
1.1. HISTORY AND STATISTICAL TRENDS IN LCDDS
Typical drug delivery systems may have some challenges which must be
considered to obtain the best results. One of these challenges is to obtain the
desired drug concentration in certain organs (Gooneh-Farahani et al., 2020,
Gooneh-Farahani et al., 2019, Kalkhoran et al., 2018, Zeinali Kalkhoran et al.,
2018). Another issue may be the degradation of the drug before reaching the
intended organ or tissue. These challenges might cause failure even in adequate
drug doses. However, with the development of local delivery, unstable drugs,
which had to be delivered through frequent daily dosing, can be delivered once a
week or even once a year (Singh et al., 2019, Aj et al., 2012, Singh et al., 2009).
In this regard, Densby and Parkes developed the idea of implantable drug delivery
systems by describing the effect of subcutaneous implantation of compressed
pellets of crystalline estrone upon castrated male chickens in 1938. Furthermore,
Seyed Morteza Naghib, Samin Hoseinpour & Shadi Zarshad
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