Table Of ContentBetter Yourself for Better Governance
LOGODI
Local Government and
Public Administration in Korea
Jin-Wook Choi
Professor, Korea University
Ph.D. in Political Science, University of Chicago
Chang Soo Choe
Professor, Korea University
Ph.D. in Political Science, University of Delaware
Jaehoon Kim
Professor, Seoul National University of Science & Technology
Ph.D. in Public administration, The Florida State University
Contents
PART Ⅰ OVERVIEW············································································································1
Chapter I Republic of Korea···········································································································2
1.1 Korea at a Glance···················································································································2
1.2 Geography···································································································································2
1.3 Politics··········································································································································4
1.4 Economy ····································································································································6
1.5 Society··········································································································································8
Chapter 2 MOPAS and LOGODI···································································································12
2.1 MOPAS·······································································································································12
2.2 LOGODI······································································································································16
PART Ⅱ LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN KOREA······························································22
CHAPTER 3 Institutional Framework of Local Government·············································23
3.1 Overview····································································································································23
3.2 Local Government System and Structure····································································24
3.3 Functions of Local Governments ················································································29
CHAPTER 4 Local Elections and Citizen Participation·······················································34
4.1 Overview····································································································································34
4.2 Institutional Scheme·············································································································34
4.3 Voter Turnout·························································································································35
4.4 Characteristics: Local Elections without Local Issues············································37
4.5 Citizen Participation··············································································································41
4.6 Summary···································································································································46
CHAPTER 5 Local Councils and Elected Executives ·························································47
5.1 Overview····································································································································47
5.2 Local Council: Representation with Limited Power and Capacity······················47
5.3 Elected Executives: Strong Leadership without Challenge····································55
5.4 Public Administrators ········································································································57
5.5 Local Power Structure: Mayor-dominant System·····················································58
5.6 Summary···································································································································59
CHAPTER 6 Intergovernmental Relations·················································································60
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6.1 Overview····································································································································60
6.2 Central-Local Relations: Conflict and Cooperation··················································61
6.3 Relations between Local Governments··········································································64
6.4 Summary···································································································································67
PART Ⅲ FINANCE OF KOREAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS····································96
Chapter 7 Overview of Korean Local Finance······································································70
7.1 Budget and Accounting System·······················································································70
7.2 Role of Local Public Finance····························································································71
7.3 Revenues and Expenditures······························································································72
7.4 Autonomy of Local Finance······························································································75
Chapter 8 Local Revenues·············································································································77
8.1 Local Tax··································································································································77
8.2 Non-Tax Revenues················································································································83
8.3. Local Borrowings··················································································································85
8.4 Characteristics of Local Revenues·················································································86
Chapter 9 Intergovernmental Revenues···················································································89
9.1 Intergovernmental Revenues Between Central and Local Governments··········90
9.2 Intergovernmental Revenues between Higher- and Lower-level Local
Governments···························································································································93
9.3. Characteristics of Intergovernmental Revenues·······················································96
Chapter 10 Local Expenditures ·································································································99
10.1 Expenditures by Function································································································99
10.2 Expenditures by Government Type············································································100
10.3. Characteristics of Local Expenditures·····································································102
Chapter 11 Local Fiscal Management System·····································································103
11.1 Total Debt Limits··············································································································103
11.2 Local Fiscal Investment/Borrowing Evaluation·····················································105
11.3 Local Financial Analysis and Diagnosis···································································107
PART Ⅳ CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN KOREA·······················································108
Chapter 12 System and Structures of the Korean Government··································109
12.1 Overview·······························································································································109
12.2 President and the Executive·························································································110
12.3 The Legislature and the National Assembly··························································112
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12.4 Political Parties··················································································································113
12.5 Judiciary································································································································114
Chapter 13 Structure and Functions of the Central Government······························117
13.1 Structure of the Central Government······································································117
13.2 The President (http://www.president.go.kr)····························································117
13.3 Prime Minister (http://www.pmo.go.kr) ··································································119
13.4 Ministries under the Prime Minister··········································································120
13.5 Ministries under the President····················································································121
Chapter 14 Personnel Management and Development in the Central Government 130
14.1 Overview·······························································································································130
14.2 Classification and Grades······························································································130
14.3 Recruitment and Promotion··························································································133
14.4 Remuneration and Performance Management·······················································134
14.5 Civil Service Training······································································································136
Chapter 15 Fiscal Structure of the Central Government···············································138
15.1 Overview·······························································································································138
15.2 Revenues·······························································································································139
15.3 Expenditures························································································································143
15.4 Fiscal Deficits and National Debts·············································································145
CHAPTER 16 Reform and Innovation in the Central Government······························148
16.1 Overview·······························································································································148
16.2 Government Innovation in Korea: Vision, Mission, and Structure ·············149
16.3 Innovation Objectives and Key Targets····································································151
16.4 Government Innovation and Decentralization: The Roh Administration·····154
16.5 Decentralization Promotion: The Lee Administration·········································155
References··························································································································157
Useful Websites of the Korean Central and Local Governments·················158
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Figures
[Figure 1-1] Geography of Korea······························································································3
[Figure 1-2] Economic Growth in Korea, 1970-2010·························································6
[Figure 1-3] S&T Growth of Korea, 1998-2009···································································7
[Figure 1-4] Key Obstacles to the Nation's Competitiveness of Korea······················8
[Figure 1-5] Life Expectancy of Korea and the World··················································10
[Figure 1-6] A Ratio of the Capital and Non-Capital Region Population···············11
[Figure 2-1] Vision and Missions of the MOPAS······························································13
[Figure 2-2] Organizational Chart of the MOPAS····························································13
[Figure 2-3] Organizational Structure of the LOGODI····················································17
[Figure 3-1] System of Korean Local Self-government·················································24
[Figure 3-2] Administrative Jurisdictions of Provincial Governments······················26
[Figure 3-3] Structure of Local Government ···································································28
[Figure 3-4] Distribution of Government Functions························································30
[Figure 4-1] Changes of Voter Turnout in Local and Other Elections···················36
[Figure 4-2] Turnout Differences between Urban and Rural Areas ·······················37
[Figure 4-3] Rate of Unified Local Governments·····························································40
[Figure 5-1] Roles of Local Councils····················································································49
[Figure 5-2] Organizational Structure of Seoul Metropolitan Council·····················51
[Figure 5-3] Organizational Structure of Yeosu City Council·····································51
[Figure 5-4] Education of Municipal Councilors······························································53
[Figure 5-5] Time Management of Councilors··································································54
[Figure 5-6] Proportion of Women in Elected Local Offices·······································56
[Figure 5-7] Age and Education of Elected Executives in 2010 Election···············57
[Figure 6-1] Intergovernmental Relations············································································60
[Figure 6-2] Entrustment of Affairs by Governments····················································65
[Figure 7-1] Typology of Local Revenues ·······································································72
[Figure 8-1] Recent Changes of Local Government Tax System·······························77
[Figure 8-2] Tax Structure of Korean Central Government········································78
[Figure 8-3] Structure of Non-Tax Revenues···································································84
[Figure 12-1] Structure of the Political System of Korea··········································109
[Figure 12-2] Structure of the Executive Branch··························································111
[Figure 12-3] Procedure for Amendment of the Constitution··································112
[Figure 12-4] Lawmaking Process in the National Assembly····································113
[Figure 12-5] Budget Bill Deliberation Process in the National Assembly···········113
[Figure 12-6] Court System of Korea·················································································115
[Figure 14-1] SCS Candidate Development Program····················································132
[Figure 14-2] Re-certification Process················································································132
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[Figure 14-3] Basic Remuneration System········································································135
[Figure 16-1] Framework of the Korean Government Innovation···························150
[Figure 16-2] Structure of Korean Government Innovation······································151
[Figure 16-3] Number of Transfers of Official Duties, 2000-2006··························155
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Tables
<Table 1-1> Major Indicators of Population Projections in Korea, 1995-2050···········9
<Table 2-1> 2012 Training Plans of the LOGODI·································································91
<Table 2-2> Number of Foreign Government Officials Trainees···································20
<Table 3-1> Differences in Area and Population among Municipalities ···············27
<Table 3-2> Decentralization of Central Government Functions ···························32
<Table 4-1> Ballot Ordering Effect in 2010 Elections (Lower-Level Council) ·········93
<Table 4-2> Institutional Measures for Citizen Participation··········································42
<Table 4-3> Cases of Recall Ballot ··························································································44
<Table 5-1> Ordinances of Local Governments, 2011·······················································48
<Table 5-2> Number of Standing Committees······································································50
<Table 5-3> Number of Local Councilors, 2010···································································52
<Table 6-1> Entrustment of Affairs, 1995-2010···································································56
<Table 6-2> Corporative Authorities in Korea······································································66
<Table 7-1> Composition of National Budget········································································71
<Table 7-2> Composition of National Spending····································································72
<Table 7-3> Composition of Local Revenues·········································································73
<Table 7-4> Functional Distribution of Local Expenditures, 2008-2011·····················74
<Table 7-5> Comparison of National and Local Tax Revenues·····································75
<Table 8-1> Local Tax Revenues by Tax Items and by Types of Local Governments, 2011 82
<Table 8-2> Trend of Increase Rate of Local Government Tax Revenues················83
<Table 8-3> Trend of Non-Tax Revenues by Accounts····················································84
<Table 8-4> Non-Tax Revenue Breakdown·············································································58
<Table 8-5> Local Debts, 2006-2011························································································6·8
<Table 8-6> Ratio of Central and Local Tax Revenues in Selected OECD Countries 87
<Table 8-7> Categorization of Local Tax Items by Characteristics······························88
<Table 8-8> Non-Tax Revenues of Local Governments by Governments ················88
<Table 9-1> Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations···································································89
<Table 9-2> Revenue Sharing, 2005-2011···············································································29
<Table 9-3> Intergovernmental Transfers from Higher- to Lower-level Local Governments 96
<Table 9-4> Budget Trend of Own-Projects, 2008-2011 ················································7·9
<Table 9-5> Categorical Grants and Local Fiscal Burden, 2008-2011 ·······················97
<Table 10-1> Local Expenditures by Function···································································100
<Table 10-2> Local Expenditures by Government Type and Function·····················101
<Table 11-1> Types of Local Governments for Total Debt Limits······························104
<Table 11-2> Types of Local Governments for Total Debt Limits······························105
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<Table 11-3> Criteria for Types of Evaluation···································································106
<Table 12-1> Provisions on Political Parties in the Constitution································114
<Table 14-1> Open and Career-based Competitive Examinations······························133
<Table 14-2> Minimum Length-of-Service Requirements for Promotion·················134
<Table 14-3> Major Elements of Salary by Category······················································135
<Table 15-1> Revenue Projection in 2012············································································139
<Table 15-2> General Account Revenues Projection in 2012·······································140
<Table 15-3> Tax Revenues of the Central Government in 2012·······························141
<Table 15-4> Special Account Revenues Projection in 2012········································141
<Table 15-5> Fund Revenues Projection by Revenue Sources in 2012····················142
<Table 15-6> Fund Revenues Projection by Fund Types in 2012·······························143
<Table 15-7> Expenditures Projection in 2012···································································143
<Table 15-8> Budget Expenditures by Function·································································144
<Table 15-9> Fund Expenditures in 2012·············································································145
<Table 15-10> Fiscal Balance·····································································································146
<Table 15-11> National Debts····································································································147
<Table 15-12> Comparison of National Debts among Selected Countries···············147
<Table 16-1> Statistics of Local Transfers, 2000-2011···················································156
- vii -
PART Ⅰ OVERVIEW
- 1 -
Description:Ph.D. in Public administration, The Florida State University . 3.2 Local
Government System and Structure ····································································24.
