Table Of ContentLLOYD’S
INTRODUCTION TO JURISPRUDENCE
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LLOYD’S
INTRODUCTION
TO
JURISPRUDENCE
NINTH EDITION
by
M.D.A. FREEMAN, fba
Emeritus Professor of English Law
University College London
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First Edition 1959
Second Edition 1965
Third Edition 1972
Fourth Edition 1979
Fifth Edition 1985
Sixth Edition 1994
Second Impression 1996
Third Impression 1997
Fourth Impression 1999
Fifth Impression 2000
Seventh Edition 2001
Second Impression 2002
Third Impression 2005
Fourth Impression 2006
Eighth Edition 2008
Ninth Edition 2014
Second Impression 2016
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CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Table of Cases xxx
Table of Statutes xxx
1. Studying Jurisprudence 1
What is Jurisprudence? 1
The Relevance of Jurisprudence 2
Normative Character of Law 5
“Ought” and “Is” 6
Form (or Structure) and Content 7
Philosophy of Law? 7
The Nature of Definitions and the Meaning of Law 8
“Naming a Thing” 8
“Essentialism” 9
Analysis of Words or Facts 11
Are Definitions Unnecessary 11
Ideological Factors 12
Criteria of Validity 13
Law and Regularity 15
Law and Morals 16
Morals as Part of Law 18
Law and Value Judgements 19
EXTRACTS
J. Austin The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence 20
W.L. Twining Some Jobs for Jurisprudence 22
J. Shklar Legalism 25
D. Hume A Treatise of Human Nature 26
L.L. Fuller The Case of the Speluncean Explorers 26
N.R. Cahn The Case of the Speluncean Explorers:
Contemporary Proceedings 39
G. Williams International Law and the Controversy
Concerning the Word “Law” 45
H.L.A. Hart Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence 46
R. Wollheim The Nature of Law 48
J. Raz The Problem About the Nature of Law 50
P. Soper Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds 60
J. Finnis Evaluation and the Description of Law 67
J. Raz Ethics in the Public Domain 68
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vi Contents
J. Raz Between Authority and Interpretation 69
B.Z. Tamanaha Law as a Means to an End 69
P. Kahn The Cultural Study of Law 74
2. Natural Law 75
What is Natural Law? 75
The Attractions of Natural Law 81
Greek Origins 88
Jus Gentium 89
Medieval Period 90
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation 92
Grotius and International Law 95
Natural Law and the Social Contract 96
Kant and Human Freedom 103
The Enlightenment 104
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 107
Fuller and the Morality of Law 108
Hart on Natural Law 113
Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law 116
Conclusion 124
EXTRACTS
Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics 124
Cicero De Re Publica 125
Justinian Institutes 125
Aquinas Summa Theologica 126
T. Hobbes Leviathan 130
Locke Two Treatises of Government 132
J.J. Rousseau The Social Contract 134
L.L. Fuller The Morality of Law 138
J.M. Finnis Natural Law and Natural Rights 151
J. Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez The First Moral Principle 170
Margaret Mead Some Anthropological Considerations
Concerning Natural Law 174
K. Greenwalt How Persuasive is Natural Law Theory? 177
3. Bentham, Austin and Classical English Positivism 195
Sovereignty and its Origins 195
Bentham and the Utilitarians 196
Bentham’s “Of Laws in General” 198
Austin 202
Law as a Command 204
Sovereignty 205
Law and Morals 209
Sanctions 211
Hart’s “Concept of Law” and Austin 215
Did Austin Remain an Austinian 216
Conclusion 216
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Contents vii
EXTRACTS
J. Bentham A Fragment on Government 217
J. Bentham An Introduction to the Principles of Morals
and Legislation 218
J. Bentham Of Laws in General 221
J. Austin The Province of Jurisprudence Determined 237
4. The Pure Theory of Law 249
Normativism 250
The Pure Science of Law 251
Norms and the Basic Norm 252
Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process 254
Sanctions 255
Critique 257
The Basic Norm 258
International Law 263
The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison 265
International Law and Sanctions 267
Law and Fact 268
Non-legal Norms 268
Conclusion 269
EXTRACTS
H. Kelsen The Pure Theory of Law 269
H. Kelsen General Theory of Law and State 275
H. Kelsen Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law 282
H. Kelsen The Pure Theory of Law 284
H. Kelsen The Function of a Constitution 295
J. Raz The Purity of the Pure Theory 300
5. Modern Trends in Analytical Jurisprudence 311
Hart’s Concept of Law 315
An Outline of Hart’s Jurisprudence 316
The “Internal Aspect” of Law 319
The Rule of Recognition 322
Is Law A System of Rules? 326
Raz and Reasons for Action 330
Shapiro and “Legality” 333
Rights 335
The Nature of Rights 335
Hohfeld’s Analysis of Rights 337
The Obligation to Obey the Law 340
The Legal Enforcement of Morality 343
EXTRACTS
H.L.A. Hart Positivism and the Separation of Law
and Morals 348
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viii Contents
L.L. Fuller Positivism and Fidelity to Law –
a Reply to Professor Hart 352
F. Schauer The Nature of the Debate 355
G. Radbruch Statutory Lawlessness and
Supra-Statutory Law 359
R. Alexy A Defence of Radbruch’s Formula 364
H.L.A. Hart Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence 380
J. Raz Practical Reason and Norms 385
J. Raz Authority, Law and Morality 389
S. Perry Law and Obligation 405
S. Perry Hart’s Methodological Positivism 413
Sir Neil MacCormick A Very British Revolution? 442
W.N. Hohfeld Fundamental Legal Conceptions as
Applied in Judicial Reasoning 454
W.A. Edmundson The Duty to Obey the Law 460
S. Shapiro Legality 468
6. Theories of Justice 481
Introduction 481
Rawls and Distributive Justice 481
Nozick: Justice as Entitlement 492
Capabilities and the Frontiers of Justice 498
Justice as Rights 500
Feminism and Justice 509
Economic Theories of Law and Justice 517
Corrective Justice 524
EXTRACTS
J. Rawls A Theory of Justice 527
J. Rawls Political Liberalism 537
R. Nozick Anarchy, State and Utopia 544
R. Dworkin A Trump Over Utility 547
R. Dworkin What is Equality? Part 2: Equality
of Resources 556
I.M. Young Defining Injustice as Domination and
Oppression 567
S.M. Okin Justice as Fairness: For Whom? 582
7. Dworkin and Interpretivism 593
The Critic of Positivism 593
Dworkin and “Hard Cases” 594
Dworkin and Discretion 596
Dworkin and Interpretation 597
Law as Integrity 599
One Right Answer? 603
Integrity and Legitimacy 604
Right Answers and Wrong Answers 608
Justice for Hedgehogs 609
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Contents ix
EXTRACTS
R. Dworkin Taking Rights Seriously 610
R. Dworkin Law as Interpretation 621
R. Dworkin Law’s Empire 628
R. Dworkin Justice In Robes 648
R. Dworkin Justice for Hedgehogs 661
G. Postema Integrity: Justice in Workclothes 667
S. Hershovitz Integrity and Stare Decisis 690
J. Waldron, The Rule of Law as a Theatre of Debate 695
8. Sociological Jurisprudence and the Sociology
of Law 701
Introduction 701
Comte and Sociology 702
Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer 703
Jhering (1818–1892) 704
Max Weber (1864–1920) 704
Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) 708
Eugen Ehrlich (1862–1922) 712
Roscoe Pound (1870–1964) 715
Social Engineering 715
Values 717
A Consensus Model of Society 718
Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound 720
Talcott Parsons 721
Selznick 722
Towards a Sociology of Law 724
Unger and the Development of Modern Law 731
Habermas and the Centrality of Law 733
Critical Empiricism 737
Bourdieu and Habitus 741
Autopoiesis and Law 743
EXTRACTS
R. von Jhering Law as Means to an End 746
M. Weber Economy and Society 747
E. Durkheim The Division of Labour in Society 756
E. Ehrlich Principles of the Sociology of Law 759
R. Pound Philosophy of Law 763
P. Selznick The Sociology of Law 765
R. Cotterrell The Significance of a Concept of Law Not
Restricted to State Law 770
R. Cotterrell Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted
Sociologically? 773
D. Nelken Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive
Sociology of Law 783
S. Silbey & A. Sarat Critical Traditions in Law and
Society Research 790
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x Contents
N. Luhmann Operational Closure and Structural
Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System 795
R. Cotterrell Law and Social Theory 803
J. Habermas Between Facts and Norms: An Author’s
Reflections 812
R. Banakar & M. Travers Law and Sociology 816
9. American Realism 823
The “Revolt against Formalism” 823
Mr Justice Holmes 824
The American Legal System 826
The “Realist” Movement in Law 826
Scientific and Normative Laws 834
Pragmatism in Law 837
Legal Process 839
EXTRACTS
O.W. Holmes The Path of the Law 840
J. Frank Law and the Modern Mind 841
K. Llewellyn Some Realism About Realism 844
K. Llewellyn My Philosophy of Law 848
K. Llewellyn The Common Law Tradition 854
W. Twining The Significance of Realism 862
10. The Scandinavian Realists 869
Axel Hägerström (1868–1939) 870
Law as Fact 872
Ross’s Theory of Law 874
The “Verifiability” Principle 877
Origin of Law 879
“Reductionism” and Legal Concepts 880
Features of Law 881
Law and Morals 882
Legal Ideology—the Method of Justice v Social Welfare 883
Scandinavian and American Realism 885
EXTRACTS
Axel Hägerström Inquiries into the Nature of Law
and Morals 886
K. Olivecrona Law as Fact 891
A. Ross On Law and Justice 899
A. Ross Directives and Norms 902
A. Ross Tȗ-tȗ 907
11. Historical and Anthropological Jurisprudence 911
The Romantic Reaction 911
Herder and Hegel 911
The German Historical School 912
F.K. von Savigny (1779–1861) 913
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