Table Of ContentIt’s time to
give YOU something fresh.
W E L C O M E T O…
“This thing is awesome.
It’s very, very easy to use.
Designed to support the way YOU learn and
Your book is right there
where you learn, MindTap is well beyond an
and has easy tabs to go
eBook, assignments or digital supplement,
through. There are lots
a resource center website, a course delivery
of extra functions on the
platform, or a Learning Management System.
side such as highlighting
MindTap is the first in a new category—
… note taking … it even
The Personal Learning Experience.
reads to you!”
Chris Baggett
See for yourself.
Student, Arkansas Tech University
View a MindTap demo at
www.cengage.com/mindtap.
13M-AG0596
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Cengage Learning and National Geographic are proud to present the
National Geographic Learning Reader Series and enhanced core
textbooks. These resources are brought to you through an exclusive
partnership with the National Geographic Society, an organization that
represents a tradition of amazing stories, exceptional research, first-
hand accounts of exploration, rich content, and authentic materials.
Using the world-renowned content from the National Geographic
Society, the Reader Series and core textbooks bring learning to life by
featuring compelling images, media, and text from the Society. Through
this engaging content, learners develop a clearer understanding of the
world around them.
No organization presents this world, its people, places, and precious
resources in a more compelling way than National Geographic.
Through the Reader Series and core textbooks we honor the mission
and tradition of the National Geographic Society – to inspire people
to care about the planet.
Explore the partnership at: www.cengage.com/ngl
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Living in the Environment
Eighteenth Edition
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
ABOUT THE COVER PHOTO
The cheetah is the world’s fastest land
mammal. Within a few seconds, it can run
at speeds of as high as 105 kilometers per
hour (65 miles per hour) for short periods of
time. It uses this ability to chase down and
kill gazelles, impalas, wildebeests, zebras, and
hares on the open plains of southern Africa
and parts of southwestern Asia where it lives.
The cheetah is built for the chase. It has large
nostrils to maximize its air intake along with
an enlarged heart and lungs. Its large tail
acts as a sort of rudder to help it make quick,
sharp turns in pursuit of fast prey. It typically
kills a prey animal by tripping it and then
biting the underside of its throat as it falls.
Cheetahs hunt mostly during the middle of
the day to avoid competing with other large
predators like hyenas and lions that hunt
mostly at night. They hide behind shrubs or
rock outcroppings to get as close as possible
to their prey and then chase them down in a
burst of speed.
As many as three of every four cheetah cubs
are killed during the first few weeks of their
lives, mostly by leopards, lions, wild dogs,
hyenas, and eagles. When the cubs are about
6 months old, their mothers capture live prey
for them to practice killing. Cubs leave their
mother after about 18 months. In the wild,
adult cheetahs typically live for 8 to 10 years.
Now protected as a threatened species,
cheetahs were once hunted for their spotted
coats, and farmers killed them to try to
protect their livestock. About 7,000 to 10,000
cheetahs now remain in the wild, in small
isolated populations found mostly in 25
African countries. Because they thrive on
large expanses of open land with abundant
prey, they are threatened by the spread of
ranches, farms, and other human settlements
that have reduced their habitat by more
than 90% since 1900. Also, poachers are still
killing them for their coats. And according
to scientists, because their population has
dwindled, many cheetahs suffer from genetic
defects due to inbreeding, which has lowered
their resistance to disease, caused infertility,
raised cub mortality rates, and made them
more vulnerable to extinction.
©Frans Lanting/National Geographic Creative
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Living in the
Environment
Eighteenth Edition
G. Tyler Miller
Scott E. Spoolman
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that
any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if
subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats,
please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Living in the Environment, Eighteenth Edition © 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning
G. Tyler Miller, Scott E. Spoolman
WCN: 02-200-203
Senior Product Team Manager: Yolanda Cossio
Content Developer: Jake Warde ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means,
Content Coordinator: Shannon Holt
graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
Product Assistant: Kellie Petruzzelli
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
Media Developer: Alexandria Brady or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section
Executive Brand Manager: Nicole Hamm 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Senior Market Development Manager: Tom Ziolkowski
Content Project Manager: Harold P. Humphrey
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Senior Art Director: Pamela Galbreath
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
Manufacturing Planner: Karen Hunt
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Senior Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Dean Dauphinais submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Production Service: Dan Fitzgerald, Graphic World Inc.
[email protected].
Photo Researcher: Christina Ciaramella, PreMedia Global
Text Researcher: Melissa Tomaselli, PreMedia Global Library of Congress Control Number: 2013945510
Copy Editor: Graphic World Inc.
Hardcover Edition:
Illustrator: Patrick Lane, ScEYEnce Studios
ISBN-13: 978-1-133-94013-5
Text and Cover Designer: Jeanne Calabrese
ISBN-10: 1-133-94013-7
Cover and Title Page Image: © Frans Lanting/National
Geographic Creative Loose-leaf Advantage Edition:
Compositor: Graphic World Inc. ISBN-13: 978-1-285-19721-0
ISBN-10: 1-285-19721-6
Cengage Learning
200 First Stamford Place, 4th Floor
Stamford, CT 06902
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with
office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at
www.cengage.com/global.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Printed in Canada
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
briEF COntEnts
Detailed Contents vi
Preface for Instructors xvi
Preface for Students xxiii
Humans and sustainabiLity: an OvErviEw
1 Environmental Problems, their Causes, and sustainability 2
sCiEnCE, ECOLOgiCaL PrinCiPLEs, and sustainabiLity
2 science, matter, Energy, and systems 28
3 Ecosystems: what are they and How do they work? 50
4 biodiversity and Evolution 76
5 biodiversity, species interactions, and Population Control 100
6 the Human Population and its impact 120
7 Climate and biodiversity 142
8 aquatic biodiversity 166
sustaining biOdivErsity
9 sustaining biodiversity: saving species and Ecosystem services 188
10 sustaining terrestrial biodiversity: saving Ecosystems and
Ecosystem services 216
11 sustaining aquatic biodiversity and Ecosystem services 246
sustaining naturaL rEsOurCEs
12 Food Production and the Environment 276
13 water resources 316
14 nonrenewable mineral resources 348
15 nonrenewable Energy 372
16 Energy Efficiency and renewable Energy 400
sustaining EnvirOnmEntaL QuaLity
17 Environmental Hazards and Human Health 440
18 air Pollution 472
19 Climate disruption 504
20 water Pollution 542
21 solid and Hazardous waste 574
22 urbanization and sustainability 604
sustaining Human sOCiEtiEs
23 Economics, Environment, and sustainability 630
24 Politics, Environment, and sustainability 656
25 Environmental worldviews, Ethics, and sustainability 682
m Supplements S1
Shutterstock.co GInldoesxsa ryI1 G1
Bolbot/
Aleksander
v
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
COntEnts
Preface for Instructors xvi SCIENCE FOCUS The Usefulness of Models 46
Preface for Students xxiii tying it aLL tOgEtHEr The Hubbard Brook Forest
Experiment and Sustainability 47
Humans and sustainabiLity: an OvErviEw Chapter review 48
Critical thinking 48
1 Environmental Problems, their Causes,
doing Environmental science 49
and sustainability 2
global Environment watch Exercise 49
Key Questions 3
data analysis 49
COrE CasE study A Vision of a More Sustainable World
in 2065 4 3 Ecosystems: what are they and How do they
1-1 what are some Principles of sustainability? 5 work? 50
1-2 How are Our Ecological Footprints affecting the Key Questions 51
Earth? 10
COrE CasE study Tropical Rain Forests Are
CASE STUDY China’s Growing Number of Affluent Disappearing 52
Consumers 14 3-1 How does the Earth’s Life-support system
work? 53
1-3 why do we Have Environmental Problems? 16
3-2 what are the major Components of an
1-4 what is an Environmentally sustainable
Ecosystem? 54
society? 21
SCIENCE FOCUS Many of the World’s Most Important
individuals matter tuy sereivathana: Elephant
Organisms Are Invisible to Us 58
Protector 22
3-3 what Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? 59
tying it aLL tOgEtHEr A Vision of a More Sustainable
Earth 24 3-4 what Happens to matter in an Ecosystem? 62
Chapter review 24 SCIENCE FOCUS Water’s Unique Properties 64
Critical thinking 25
3-5 How do scientists study Ecosystems? 70
doing Environmental science 26
SCIENCE FOCUS Testing Planetary Boundaries: From
global Environment watch Exercise 26
Holocene to Anthropocene 72
Ecological Footprint analysis 27
tying it aLL tOgEtHEr Tropical Rain Forests and
Sustainability 73
sCiEnCE, ECOLOgiCaL PrinCiPLEs,
Chapter review 74
and sustainabiLity
Critical thinking 74
2 science, matter, Energy, and systems 28 doing Environmental science 75
Key Questions 29 global Environment watch Exercise 75
COrE CasE study How Do Scientists Learn about Nature? data analysis 75
Experimenting with a Forest 30
4 biodiversity and Evolution 76
2-1 what do scientists do? 31
Key Questions 77
individuals matter Jane goodall: Chimpanzee
COrE CasE study Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? 78
researcher and Protector 33
4-1 what is biodiversity and why is it
SCIENCE FOCUS Some Revisions in a Popular Scientific important? 79
Hypothesis 34
SCIENCE FOCUS Insects Play a Vital Role in Our World 80
2-2 what is matter and what Happens when it
m
Shutterstock.co 2-3 u wunnhddaeetrr iggsoo Eeensse CCrghhyaa nnaggneed?? w 34h51at Happens when it oi4n-f2d b ii Hvoioddwiuv aedrlsosi etmys atht8te2e Era Erdthw’sa Lrdif eO C. hwainlsgoen o: ave Cr hampion
Bolbot/ 2-4 wChhaantg aer?e s4y4stems and How do they respond to time? 83
Aleksander
vi
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
