Liver Pathophysiology. Therapies and Antioxidants

850 Pages·2017·70.76 MB·English

by  Pablo Muriel (Eds.)

Liver Pathophysiology
Therapies and Antioxidants
Edited by
Pablo Muriel
Department of Pharmacology
CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City
Mexico
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Dedication
MarcosRojkindinhisofficeatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityMedicalCenter.CourtesyofDr.KarinaReyes
Gordillo.
e
Marcos Rojkind Matluk (July 29, 1935 September 10, 2011)
was one of Mexico’s most prominent scientists. Prof. Rojkind
was recognized worldwide for his work on the molecular
mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis. He shaped more than 70
distinguished researchers (some of them wrote a chapter in his
memory in this book), published over 140 manuscripts in
prestigious scientific journals and books, and held several
patents as an inventor in the field of biotechnology.
Hepatic Cirrhosis
Everytwenty-fourweeks butdonotforgetthemagneticresonance
dorwhenthedoctordecidesd andtoprogramtheregularcheck
gotoyourpreferencelab, with yourprimarycarephysician.
doaliverfunctiontest Donotbejealousofthefirmerections
andcheckyourlevels ofbilirubin. with whichother menenjoyofyourex-wife.
Takeintoconsideration Theliveristhelife-filteringorgan.
doingregularphysicalactivity Itdischarges toxicresidues
anddonotput saltonyourfood. andyoursiswasted.
Otherwise Concentrateontreatingcirrhosis,
youcanforgetyourslimmerabdomen donotrememberthebloodstains,
thathas startedtogatherliquids: the brokenglassofthe table,
thedamagesareirreversible. the thingsyousaiddorthey sayyousaidd
Donot drinkalcohol, the drymouththenext day.
Irepeat,donotdrinkalcohol. Whenyoulook inthemirror
It does not matter if your new girlfriend plans on leaving donotstopfeelingattractive
you.
becauseofyouryellowsclera.
Italsodoesnotmatter
Trynottothinkonthepossiblecancer
ifitisimpossible foryoutobeatafamiliarreunion
dhepatocellular carcinomad
withouttheease
butdotakecare.
broughttoyoubyacoupleofdrinks.
Donotsmoke,donot drinkalcohol,
Perhapsyouhaveforgottentomeasure
donothavenegative thoughts.
yourhepaticenzymes concentration?
Donotworry
Donot thinkoftheproperties
ifyouleavestainstouching thenapkins.
youlostinyourdivorce. Theblood
Loosefearoflooking atlife
mustcontainbetween threepointfour
only
andfivepointfourdnotmore
through yellow-colorshades.
norlessd
AndreaMuriel
gramsper deciliterofalbumin. [Translation byCarmenAmat]
Ignoreyourchildrenthatdonotwanttoseeyouagain,
viii Hepatic Cirrhosis
CIRROSIS HEPA´TICA decilitro de albúmina./Ignore a sus hijos que no quieren
volver a verlo/pero no olvide la resonancia magnética/y
Cadaveinticuatrosemanas/eocadaqueelmédicoloseñalee/
programarelchequeoperiódico/consumédicodecabecera./
vaya al laboratorio de su preferencia/hágase una prueba de No sienta celosdelasereccionesfirmes/con queotroshom-
función hepática/y compruebe sus niveles de bilirrubina./ bresgozandesuexmujer./Elhígadoeselórganofiltrantedela
Tenga en cuenta/hacer actividad física regular/mantenga un
vida/descarta los residuos tóxicos/y el suyo está deshecho./
pesoadecuado/ynopongasalasuscomidas./Delocontrario/
Concéntreseen tratar la cirrosis/no recuerde las manchas de
ustedpodráolvidarsedesuesbeltoabdomen/queyaempezóa sangre/el vidrio rotodelamesa/las cosas que dijoeo dicen
acumular líquidos:/los daños son irreversibles./No beba quedijoe/labocapastosaaldíasiguiente./Alversealespejo/
alcohol/repito,nobebaalcohol/noimportasisunuevanovia
no deje de sentirse atractivo/por su esclerótica amarilla./
piensadejarlo/noimportatampoco/sileesimposibleestaren Intente no pensar en el posible cáncer/ehepatocarcinomae/
una reunión familiar/sin la desenvoltura/que le permiten un
perocuídese/nofume,nobebaalcohol/notengapensamientos
pardecopas./¿Acasohaolvidadomedir/suconcentraciónde
negativos./Nosepreocupe/sidejahuellasenlasservilletasal
enzimashepáticas?/Nopienseenlaspropiedades/queperdió
tocarlas/pierdaelmiedo a ver lavida/solamente/entonos de
con su divorcio. La sangre/debe contener entre tres punto
amarillo.
cuatro/ycincopuntocuatroenomás/nimenose/gramospor
List of Contributors
L. Abenavoli, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy L. Cruz-Antonio, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
J.G. Abraldes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,
Canada A. Cruz-Baquero, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN,
Mexico City, Mexico
N.E. Aguilar-Olivos, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation,
Mexico City, Mexico A.J. Czaja, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester,
MN, United States
J. Aguirre-García, MIG Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
L. Dara, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
P.Almeda-Valdés,InstitutoNacionaldeCienciasMedicas
CA, United States
y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
M. del Pilar Cabrales-Romero, Universidad Nacional
J. Arauz, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,
Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Mexicali, Mexico
M. Dhayal, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular
R.N. Aravalli, University of Minnesota Medical School,
Biology, Hyderabad, India
Minneapolis, MN, United States
M. Espinosa-Cantellano, Centro de Investigación y de
J. Arellanes-Robledo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina
Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City, Mexico
Genómica-INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico
V.M. Factor, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda,
A. Ascensão, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
MD, United States
A. Bardia, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyder-
P.Ferenci,MedicalUniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria
abad, India
E. Fernández-Martínez, Universidad Autónoma del
J. Beleza, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Pachuca, Mexico
T.R. Billiar, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
M. Fernandez, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute,
Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Barcelona,Spain;InstitutodeSaludCarlosIII,Madrid,
L.D. Buendía-Montaño, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City,
Spain
Mexico
N.A. Fierro, Civil Hospitalof Guadalajara,“Fray Antonio
J. Camacho, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Mexico; University of
S. Casas-Grajales, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
A. Casillas-Ramírez, Hospital Regional de Alta Especia- R.E.Flores-Beltrán,Cinvestav-IPN,MexicoCity,Mexico
lidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad
S.W. French, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States;
Victoria, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United
Tamaulipas, Matamoros, Mexico
States
G. Castañeda-Hernández, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City,
P.Fu,ZhongshanHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai,
Mexico
China
A.I. Cederbaum, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
H. Fukui, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
Sinai, New York, NY, United States
M. Galicia-Moreno, Universidad Autónoma de Baja
V.ChagoyadeSánchez,UniversidadNacionalAutónoma
California, Mexicali, Mexico
de México, Mexico City, Mexico
A. Galli, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
E. Chávez, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
P. García-López, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología,
Mexico City, Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
I. Colle, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
xxv
xxvi List of Contributors
G. Garcia-Tsao, Yale University School of Medicine, E. Hernández-Aquino, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City,
New Haven, CT, United States; VA-CT Healthcare Mexico
System, West Haven, CT, United States
C. Hernández, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
M.C. García de León, Instituto Nacional de Medicina
H.Jaeschke,UniversityofKansasMedicalCenter,Kansas
Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
City, KS, United States
P. Ginès, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
M.B. Jiménez-Castro, Transplant Biomedicals S.L.,
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut
Barcelona, Spain
d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer
N. Kaplowitz, University of Southern California, Los
(IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación
Angeles, CA, United States
Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y
Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain A.Katoonizadeh,TehranUniversity of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
C. Girish, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical
Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India N. Kawada, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
L.E. Gómez-Quiroz, Universidad Autónoma Metropoli- D. Kershenobich, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas
tana-Iztapalapa, MexicoCity,Mexico; NationalCancer y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
A.A. Khan, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyder-
I.O. Gonçalves, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; abad, India
Higher School of Education of Fafe, Fafe, Portugal
S.H. Ki, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
K.Gonzalez-Aldaco,CivilHospitalofGuadalajara, “Fray
K.M. Kim, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Mexico; University of
M.R. Lakshman, Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
Washington, DC, United States; The George
J. Gracia-Sancho, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic
Washington University, Washington, DC, United
Laboratory, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
States
I. Grattagliano, Italian College of General Practitioners,
W. Li, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University,
Bari, Italy; “Aldo Moro” University Medical School,
Changchun, China
Bari, Italy
X. Liang, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
I. Graupera, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Australia
Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i X. Liu, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Z.-X.Liu,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,
HepáticasyDigestivas(CIBEREHD),Barcelona,Spain CA, United States
O.A. Gressner, Wisplinghoff Medical Laboratories, P.A. Loughran, University of Pittsburgh School of
Cologne, Germany Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
A.M. Gressner, Wisplinghoff Medical Laboratories, S.C. Lu, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,
Berlin, Germany United States
R.J. Groszmann, Yale University School of Medicine, S. Maeda, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
New Haven, CT, United States
J. Magalhães, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
G. Guízar-Sahagún, Proyecto Camina A.C., IMSS,
J. Mann, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
Mexico City, Mexico
United Kingdom
D.G. Gutiérrez-Reyes, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
J.U. Marquardt, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz,
M.C. Gutiérrez-Ruiz, Universidad Autónoma Metropoli- Germany; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda,
tana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico MD, United States
M.A. Habeeb, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, M. Martínez-Castillo, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City,
Hyderabad, India Mexico
H. Hai, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan M.L. Martínez-Chantar, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades
L.Hammerich,IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,
Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Derio, Spain
New York, NY, United States
List of Contributors xxvii
H.Y. Martínez-Padrón, Hospital Regional de Alta Espe- S. Rivera-Mancía, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología
cialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciu- “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
dad Victoria, Mexico
M.S. Roberts, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
A. Martínez-Palomo, Centro de Investigación y de Estu- QLD, Australia; University of South Australia,
dios Avanzados, Mexico City, Mexico Adelaide, SA, Australia
M.J. Martins, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal A.Y. Rocha-Sánchez, Hospital Regional de Alta Especia-
lidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad
J.M. Mato, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Bio-
Victoria, Mexico
médicaenReddeEnfermedadesHepáticasyDigestivas
(Ciberehd), Derio, Spain S. Roman, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio
Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Mexico; University of Guada-
N. Méndez-Sánchez, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation,
lajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
J. Serrano-Luna, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
N. Milic, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
R. Shah, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington,
G. Montes-Páez, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
DC,UnitedStates;TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,
S. Montes, National Institute of Neurology and Neuro-
Washington, DC, United States
surgery “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City,
W.Shibata,YokohamaCityUniversity,Yokohama,Japan
Mexico
M. Shibayama, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
P. Muriel, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
Y. Shimizu, Nanto Municipal Hospital, Toyama, Japan
T. Nakamura, Kurume University School of Medicine,
Kurume, Japan G. Shiota, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
M.Noureddin,Cedars-SinaiMedicalCenter,LosAngeles, E. Solà, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
CA, United States University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut
d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer
P.J. Oliveira, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede,
(IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación
Portugal
Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y
R. Pacheco-Rivera, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City,
Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
Mexico
F. Tacke, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
J. Pacheco-Yépez, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN,
K. Tajiri, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
Mexico City, Mexico
A.Panduro,CivilHospital ofGuadalajara, “FrayAntonio A. Takaki, Okayama University Graduate School of
Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Mexico; University of Guada- Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Okayama, Japan
lajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
M. Tarocchi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
C. Peralta, Transplant Biomedicals S.L., Barcelona,
Spain S.S. Thorgeirsson, National Cancer Institute, NIH,
Bethesda, MD, United States
J.I. Pérez-Carreón, Instituto Nacional de Medicina
Genómica-INMEGEN, Mexico City, Mexico T.T.V. Thuy, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
P. Portincasa, “Aldo Moro” University Medical School, T.T. Thuy le, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
Bari, Italy
T. Torimura, Kurume University School of Medicine,
S.C. Pradhan, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medi- Kurume, Japan
cal Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry,
L.A. Tristán-López, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y
India Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City,
S. Raevens, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Mexico
A. Ramachandran, University of Kansas Medical Center, V. Tsutsumi, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
Kansas City, KS, United States
G.R. Tsutsumi, Hospital General de Soledad, San Luis
E. Ramos-Tovar, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico Potosí, Mexico
K. Reyes-Gordillo, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, D. Uchida, Okayama University Graduate School of
Washington, DC, United States; The George Wash- Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
ington University, Washington, DC, United States Okayama, Japan
xxviii List of Contributors
T.Ueno,KurumeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Kurume, S.-D. Wu, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai
Japan;AsakuraMedicalAssociationHospital,Asakura, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China
Japan
F. Xia, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
M. Uribe, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City,
W.Xu,TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,Shatin,NT,
Mexico
Hong Kong SAR
E.E.Vargas-Pozada,Cinvestav-IPN,MexicoCity,Mexico
L. Xu, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
L.F. Vázquez-Flores, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Biológicas-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
K. Yamamoto, Okayama University Graduate School of
G. Velasco-Loyden, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
México, Mexico City, Mexico Okayama, Japan
L. Vergani, University of Genova, Genova, Italy X.R. Yao, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
S.K. Vishwakarma, Deccan College of Medical Sciences,
Hyderabad, India J.Yu,TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,Shatin,NT,
Hong Kong SAR
J.D.Vorobioff,UniversidadNacionaldeRosario,Rosario,
Argentina L. Zeng, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, China
J.-Y.Wang,FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China;Shanghai B.J. Zhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou,
Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China China
H. Wang, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia
Foreword
SomeweeksagoIreceivedthegenerousinvitationofProf. Prologue or Introductory Chapter? and (2) How can such
Pablo Muriel to contribute an Introduction to the present an objective or goal be best achieved? After reading many
collectionoftextsonvariousnew(andnotsonew)aspects prologues in different scientific books (and writing a few
of liver pathophysiology. In reading the list of distin- myself) I can easily state which are the more frequent and
guished authors and their wide coverage of many different less fortunate objectives displayed by prologue-writers:
themes related to the liver that are to be included in the (1)abarelycoveredpretensetodominateallthecontentsof
projected volume, I was tempted at first to decline the the volume, usually expressed with condescending au-
invitation, recognizing that on many of the subjects to be thority; (2) a joyful reception to the timely appearance of
containedinthebooktobepublishedIreallyhavelittleor such acutely needed text, accompanied by congratulations
noknowledgeatall.Twocircumstances,however,weighed toeditorsandauthors;(3)anostalgicremembrance ofpast
against that first reaction: (1) for many years I have been treatises on the same subject, which are now consigned to
interestedintheliveranditsdiseases,andIamstillactively obsolescence. I decided to avoid such and other usual
working on two of them (amebiasis and liver cirrhosis, formats, and since this volume is dedicated to the memory
includedinthebook),and(2)thevolumeistobededicated ofProf.MarcosRojkind,IshalllimitthisProloguetoafew
to the memory of Prof. Marcos Rojkind, a former student comments on him.
andscientificcollaboratorofmine,andalwaysaveryclose, IfirstmetMarcosintheearlyfiftiesofthelastcentury,
admired, and dear friend. as a medical student in my pathology course. One day he
How can one write an Introduction to a book as het- came to my office and asked me to recommend him to my
erogeneousasthisone?Myfirstreactionwastoconsultthe older brother, who was a cardiologist, because Marcos
introductory chapters of all the books on the liver and its wanted to study with him to eventually become a cardiol-
diseases inmylibrary (which aremany).Ifound thatmost ogist. His interest was stimulated by his little sister, who
of those chapters were unknown to me: I had never read wassufferingwithadisablingrheumaticheartdisease.This
them.Throughmanyyears,whenconsultingthosebooks,I was the time when Paul Klemperer introduced the concept
went directly to the chapters treating the specific topics of of“collagendiseases,”andinourlaboratorymywifeandI
my interest; I seldom (or never), read their Prologue or werethenactivelyworkingontheregulationofconnective
Introductory chapters. The experiment confirmed what I tissues in several experimental animal models of human
had long suspected: the Prologue or Introductory Chapter disease. I suggested that Marcos should first spend some
ofscientificbooksisthepartthatislessfrequentlyornever time in our laboratory, getting acquainted with the basic
read by their professional users. I see no reason why this generalfieldofconnectivetissues,beforegoingontowork
willnotbethefateofthelinesIamnowwritingandyou(a with my brother in the clinical aspects of cardiovascular
mostunlikelybutwelcomereader) maynowbereading.If rheumatic diseases, and Marcos agreed. That was the
this conclusion is right, I would like to know why it is the beginningofourcollaborationandfriendship,whichlasted
case, in order to explain such peculiar phenomenon and to for many years (he never went to work with my brother),
try to avoid repeating it in this and the next times I am untilhisuntimelydeath.Whenthetimecame,Marcoswent
invited to write a Prologue or Introductory Chapter for tocontinuehisstudiesandresearchinconnectivetissues,in
scientific books. New York, with Paul Gallop and Sam Seifert, and then
I believe the simplest approach to the problem returned to Mexico, to head a laboratory in CINVESTAV.
mentioned earlier is to try to answer the following two In his lateryears Marcos returned tothe United States asa
questions: (1) What should be the objective or goal of a senior investigator. In our collaboration we wrote many
xxix