Table Of ContentLithium-ion and Lithium–Sulfur
Batteries
Fundamentals to performance
Lithium-ion and Lithium–Sulfur
Batteries
Fundamentals to performance
Sandeep A Arote
SangamnerNagarpalikaArts,D.J.MalpaniCommerceandB.N.SardaScienceCollege
(Autonomous) Sangamner, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, M.S. India
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
ªIOPPublishingLtd2022
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ISBN 978-0-7503-4881-2(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-4879-9(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-4882-9(myPrint)
ISBN 978-0-7503-4880-5(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-4881-2
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Contents
Preface viii
Acknowledgments ix
Author biography x
Abbreviations xi
Symbols xvi
Units xvii
1 Fundamentals and perspectives of lithium-ion batteries 1-1
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Battery types and history 1-2
1.2.1 Primary batteries 1-2
1.2.2 Secondary batteries 1-2
1.2.3 Historical milestones in the development of batteries 1-3
1.3 Fundamentals of ECCs and battery metrics 1-4
1.3.1 Components of ECCs 1-4
1.3.2 What makes an anode (−ve) and a cathode (+ve) 1-5
1.3.3 Some battery terminology 1-6
1.3.4 Performance measuring key battery attributes 1-8
1.4 Lithium-ion battery 1-8
1.4.1 Importance of lithium metal in battery technology 1-8
1.4.2 Components of a LIB 1-9
1.4.3 Battery charging and discharging process 1-10
1.4.4 Driving force for the moment of lithium ions in a LIB 1-11
1.4.5 Fundamental principle of LIB electrochemistry 1-12
1.5 The pros and cons of LIBs 1-16
1.6 Overview of the LIB assembly process 1-18
1.7 Classification of LIBs by configuration 1-21
1.8 Frequently explored materials in LIB components 1-23
1.9 Future strategies for creating next-generation LIBs 1-24
References 1-24
2 Positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries 2-1
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Components and their role in LIBs 2-3
v
Lithium-ionandLithium–SulfurBatteries
2.3 Interphases in Li-ion batteries 2-3
2.3.1 Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) 2-3
2.3.2 Cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) 2-5
2.4 Criteria for selection of the cathode material 2-6
2.5 Active cathode materials for LIBs 2-6
2.6 Ionic conductivity in the most common intercalation-type cathodes 2-10
2.7 Recent advances in active cathode materials 2-10
2.7.1 LiCoO (LCO)-based positive electrode material 2-11
2
2.7.2 LiNiO (LNO)-based positive electrode material 2-18
2
2.7.3 LiNi Co Al O , (NCA) based positive electrode material 2-19
0.8 0.15 0.05 2
2.7.4 LiMnO (LMO) based positive electrode material 2-20
2
2.7.5 Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) based positive 2-22
electrode material
2.7.6 Spinel LiMn O -based positive electrode material 2-25
2 4
2.7.7 Olivine LiFePO -based positive electrode material 2-28
4
2.7.8 Other phosphates with an olivine structure as the cathode 2-29
for LIBs
2.7.9 Iron and vanadium based fluorophosphates as cathode 2-29
materials
2.7.10 Polyoxyanion compounds (silicates): Li MSiO -based cathode 2-30
2 4
materials
2.7.11Other positive electrode materials 2-33
2.8 Summary 2-34
References 2-36
3 Fundamentals and perspectives of lithium–sulfur batteries 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Fundamentals of lithium–sulfur batteries 3-3
3.2.1 Cell configuration of LiSBs 3-3
3.2.2 Working principle of LiSBs 3-4
3.3 LiSB components and commonly used materials 3-8
3.4 Challenges for LiSBs 3-12
3.5 Efforts to overcome the challenges of LiSBs 3-13
3.6 Opportunities for future outlook 3-14
3.7 Summary 3-14
References 3-15
vi
Lithium-ionandLithium–SulfurBatteries
4 Host materials for sulfur cathodes in lithium–sulfur batteries 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Prerequisite of cathodes in LiSBs 4-2
4.3 Anchoring approaches toward sulfur species 4-3
4.3.1 S fixing 4-3
4.3.2 S capturing 4-4
4.4 Cathode materials for LiSBs 4-5
4.5 Carbon-based host materials for sulfur cathodes 4-6
4.5.1 Nanoporous carbon 4-7
4.5.2 Engineered hierarchical nanoporous carbon 4-10
4.5.3 One-dimensional CNT and CNF based cathodes 4-14
4.5.4 Graphene-based materials as sulfur hosts 4-19
4.6 Transition metal compounds for sulfur cathodes 4-23
4.6.1 Metal oxide based host materials for a sulfur cathode 4-24
4.6.2 Metal sulfide based host materials for a sulfur cathode 4-35
4.7 Other emerging materials as sulfur hosts for cathodes 4-45
4.7.1 Metal carbides, nitrides, and phosphides 4-45
4.7.2 MXenes 4-45
4.7.3 Metal–organic frameworks 4-46
4.8 Summary 4-47
References 4-49
vii
Preface
Thecontentofthisbook,Lithium-ionandLithium–sulfurBatteries:Fundamentalsto
Performance, focuses on energy storage technologies, namely lithium-ion and
lithium–sulfurbatteries.Itwillacquaintreaderswiththefundamentalsofsecondary
batteries, working mechanisms, electrode materials, challenges, and opportunities
for further development in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology. Massive efforts
havebeenmadeoverthelast20yearstodesignanddevelopelectrodematerialswith
excellentelectricalconductivity,highspecificsurfacearea,hightheoreticalcapacity,
exceptional thermal, chemical, and structural stability, and low cost. High energy
density batteries for heavy electric vehicle applications can be developed by a
comprehensive understanding of the batteries’ working mechanism, redox kinetics,
and the properties of the electrode materials. In line with this, the content of this
bookisdividedintofourchapters.Thefirstchapterpresentsanoverviewofthekey
concepts, brief history of the advancement in battery technology, and the factors
governing the electrochemical performance metrics of battery technology. It also
includes in-depth explanations of electrochemistry and the basic operation of
lithium-ion batteries. The second chapter provides a detailed overview of the
numerous cathode materials that have been extensively researched along with their
advantages and disadvantages. It also highlights the electrochemical reaction
mechanisms involved in Li-ion battery operation. In order to gain additional
improvements, modifications to adopted high-capacity cathode materials are being
made; these modifications are described for each class of material. Lithium–sulfur
batteries(LiSBs)havebeenconsideredtohavethemostpotentialasnext-generation
electrochemical energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density.
LiSBs have the potential to accomplish around five to six times better performance
thancurrentLiBsintermsofspecificcapacityandenergydensity.Thefundamental
aspects of LiSBs, working mechanisms, key requirements for each of the compo-
nents,andSWOTanalysisofLiSBsarecoveredindetailinchapterthree.Thefourth
chapterdiscussestheperformanceofLiSBswithdifferentsulfurhostmaterials,with
afocusonsulfurhostsbasedoncarbonanditsmanyderivatives,metaloxides,and
metal sulfides. The efforts made to enhance the performance of materials used
frequently for electrodes in LIBs and LiSBs have been discussed extensively. The
electrochemical performance of each different class of material is summarized in a
tabulated format whenever suitable. Every effort has been made to include topics
that will be beneficial to readers who are studying graduate, postgraduate, and
research degrees in the field of energy storage devices as well as to give in-depth
knowledge to a person pursuing a technical profession in R&D for the battery
industry.
Sandeep A Arote
viii
Acknowledgments
I would like to begin by thanking my angels Shrinidhi and Nirja for their support
andencouragementwhileIhaveundertakenthisproject.Withoutyourpatienceand
support over the many weekends and evenings, this book would not have been
possible.Reejul,Shaili,Sharvil,Akka,Dada,Darshana,Sheetal,andSonalideserve
aparticularthankyouaswell.Theyconstantlytellmethat‘thereisplentyofroom
at the bottom.’
The suggestions and final editing of the book were greatly helped by Mr Abhijit
Landge, Mr Yogesh Hase, Mr Abbas Pathan, and Mr Avadhut Landge. They
provided me unconditional support during the entire project, both physically and
intellectually. I am very grateful to them.
ItismypleasuretoexpressmyduethankstoDrSanjayMalpani,Chairman,and
all the office bearers of the Shikshan Prasarak Sanstha, Prof. Rangnath Pathare,
Prof. Dr Arun Gaikwad, Principal, Dr Sanjaykumar Dalvi, HOD (Physics)
Sangamner College, Sangamner, for their continual and invaluable support and
advice.
I would like to extend a very special thanks to Principal T N Kanawade, Prof.
Pradip Ghule, Prof. S P Landge, Dr Ravindra Tasildar, Dr Anirudhha Mandlik,
and Dr Maruti Kusmude for their continued support during completion of this
work. I also want to acknowledge all the students, colleagues, and friends of
SangamnerCollegewhohavesharedtheirviewsandenthusiasmwithme.Theyhave
been motivating.
I am also grateful to the publishers, authors, and other copyright owners who
gave consent for me to utilize their figures to enhance the quality of the present
work.
Last, but definitely not least, I want to express my gratitude to the entire IOP
team for their invaluable help and prompt support. Ashley Gasque Stec, Senior
CommissioningEditor,IOPPublishing,deservesspecialrecognitionforherunwav-
ering support to this project from the very beginning and for making it possible to
put all the difficult puzzle pieces together.
Sandeep Annasaheb Arote
ix
Author biography
Sandeep A Arote
Dr Sandeep A Arote is an Associate Professor in Physics at the
SangamnerNagarpalikaArts,D.J.MalpaniCommerceandB.N.
Sarda Science College, (Autonomous) Sangamner, affiliated to
Savitribai Phule Pune University, (Former University of Pune),
MS, India. He has 16 years’ teaching and 11 years’ research
experience. He has published over 40 research articles in reputed
peer-reviewed international journals and also presented his
research work in several national and international conferences.
Hisprimaryresearchinterestsareinnanostructuredmaterialsforsensorsandenergy
generatingandstoragetechnologiessuchassolarcells,batteries,andsupercapacitors.
Heisaco-authorofseveralundergraduatephysicstextbooks,including‘Handbookof
Physics, ‘Practical Course in Physics’, ‘Solid State Physics’, ‘Nuclear Physics’, and a
booklet on graph plotting methods. Recently, he has published a book entitled
ElectrochemicalEnergyStorageDevicesandSupercapacitors:Anoverview(2021,IOP
Publishing Ltd, Bristol, UK).
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