Lithium-Drifted Germanium Detectors: Their Fabrication and Use: An Annotated Bibliography

221 Pages·1972·13.3 MB·English

by  Ina Calloway Brownridge (auth.)

LITHIUM·DRIFTED
GE.A_ DETECTORS
Their Fallricatien and Use
An Annotated Bibliography
LITHIUM·DRIFTED
GERMANIUM DETECTORS
Their Fabrication and Use
An Annotated Bibliography
Compiled by
Ina Calloway Brownridge
Associate Librarian
State University of New York at Binghamton
Binghamton, New York
IFI/PLENUM • NEW YORK • WASHINGTON • LONDON • 1972
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-183565
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-4600-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-4598-5
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4598-5
© 1972 IFI/Plenum Data Corporation
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1972
A Subsidiary of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10 6SE,
London, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
form without written permission from the publisher
PREFACE
A lithium-drifted germanium detector is a semiconductor de
vice which operates at liquid nitrogen temperature, and is used for
detection of nuclear radiation, mostly gamma ray. The detection
occurs when the y-ray undergoes an interaction in the intrinsic or
I region of the semiconductor. The interaction results in the pro
duction of charge carriers which are swept out by an electric field.
This is accomplished by reverse biasing the detector with approxi
mately 100 v/mm of intrinsic material. The total amount of charge
swept out is proportional to the energy dissipated in the intrinsic
region. This may include the total energy of the photon, but gen
erally somewhat less.
The Ge(Li) device is a semiconductor p-n device with a very
large intrinsic region between the positive carrier region and the
negative carrier region (P-I-N). The fabrication of this device
consists of three major steps: the diffusion of the lithium into
the p-type germanium to give an n-type surface region, the drifting
process to obtain the intrinsic region as deeply as possible, and the
surface preparation. There are numerous procedures for the various
steps as well as criteria for material selection and the preparation
of the materials.
Since the fabrication of the first lithium-drifted detectors
in the early 1960's, a large volume of literature has been published
and continues to be published on the subject. The literature in
this guide represents publications from various research facilities
in the United States and abroad -- national xesearch laboratories,
privately operated research facilities, as well as research facili
ties on college and university campuses, and it covers materials
published to May 1971.
This guide is a compilation of references to works on the uses
of the Ge(Li) device as a radiation detector, the fabrication of the
detector and the associate electronics with its great varieties of
uses. It consists of 790 entries to literature in English, French,
German, Japanese, Russian, Spanish and several other languages, and
it includes an author and subject index. The numbers in the indexes
refer to entry number rather than page number.
Major bibliographic sources for the entries and abstracts
are: Nuclear Science Abstracts, U. S. Government Research and De
velOpment Reports, Dissertation Abstracts, Scientific and Technical
Aerospace Reports, as well as technical reports, and other pertinent
primary publications. The entries are arranged alphabetically by
author, except when there is no personal name, and title. Each
v
vi PREFACE
entry includes author, if personal name or names are given, title,
corporate author for technical reports and theses, and sources of
information, e. g. citation for periodicals, serial number for tech
nical reports and bibliographic data for books. Publications in
languages other than English are indicated in parenthesis at the
end of the citation.
I wish to thank Sol Raboy of the Physics Department of the
State University of New York at Binghamton, and members of the
Physics Department's staff for suggestions and technical assistance.
Special thanks to James D. Brownridge for his many suggestions. In
addition, I would like to thank Betty Lindsley, Marilyn McLeod and
Charlotte Bunzey for their efforts ir. preparing the manuscript for
publication.
The project would not have been feasible without the resources
of the Library of the State University of New York at Binghamton and
the cooperation of the library staff.
CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . .. v
Abbreviations • • • • • • • • •• ix
Bibliography 1
Author Index 195
Subject Index • • • • • • • • •• 207
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
Acad. Repub. Pop. Rom. Stud.
Cercet. Fiz ••••.••.•...••.•••• Academia Republicii Populare Romine,
Institutul de Fizica Atomica si In
stitutul de Fizica. Studii si Cer
cetari de Fizica
Acta. Phys. Austr •.•...••.••.•.•• Acta Physica Austriaca
Amer. J. Phys ••.•.•••.••.•••...•• American Journal of Physics
Anal. Chem ..•.••••.•.••...•....•• Analytical Chemistry
Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A VI .. Annales Acadamiae Scientiarum Fen
nicae. Series A VI. Physica
Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci .•.•..•.•..... Annual Review of Nuclear Science
Appl. Phys. Lett •..•••••••..••.•• Applied Physics Letters
Ark. Fys ••.•••••.••...•..•.....•• Arkiv fuer Fysik, Utgivet au Kun
gliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien
s.
At. Energ. (USSR) ••......••.•.•.• Atomnaya Energiya (U. S. R.)
At. Energy Atomic Energy
At. Energy Rev •••.••••••••..••••• Atomic Energy Review
Atomics .......................... Atomics
Atamkernenergie ••.••••.••••..•••• Atomkernenergie (formerly Atomener
gie)
Atoomenergie Haar Toepass •••••••• Atoomenergie en Haar Toepassingen
(formerly RCN Bulletin)
Brit. J. Radiol •••.•....•.••••.•• British Journal Radiology
Bunseki Kiki •••.•••••••.••••.•••• Bunseki Kiki (Analysis and Instru
ment)
CERN Cour. CERN Courier
Can. Chem. Process. . ............ . Canadian Chemical Processing
ix
ABBREVIA nONS
x
Can. J. Phys . ...................• Canadian Journal of Physics
Contemp. Phys . ................... Contemporary Physics
Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR ........... Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
Electron. Lett . .................. Electronics Letters
Fiz. Tekh. Poluprov . ............. Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov
(Engl. Trans. Soviet Physics-Semi
conductors)
Fizika (Zagreb) .................. Fizika (Zagreb)
Health Physics .•.......•.......•. Health Physics
Helv. Phys. Acta Helvetica Physica Acta
IEEE Proceedings Proceedings of the Institute of
Radio Engineers
IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci . ........... IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
(formerly IRE (Institute of Radio
Engineers) Transactions on Nuclear
Science)
Ind. Atom. Industries Atomiques
Ind. Chim. Belge ................• Industrie Chimique BeIge
Indian J. Phys . .................. Indian Journal of Physics and Pro
ceedings of the Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science
Instrum. and Exper. Tech . ........ Instruments and Experimental Tech
niques
IRE Trans. on Nucl. Sci . ......... SEE IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. Fiz . .. Izvestiya Akademiia Nauk SSSR,
Seriya Fizicheskaya
Jad. Energ . ...................... Jaderna Energie
J. Appl. Phys . ................... Journal of Applied Physics (U. S.)
J. Appl. Phys., Japan .......•.... Journal Applied Physics, Japan
ABBREVIATIONS xi
J. BeIge Radiol. Journal BeIge de Radiologie
J. Natur. Sci. Math ..•..•.•..••.. Journal of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics
J. Nucl. Med ••••••......•..••...• Journal of Nuclear Medicine
J. Nucl. Sc. Seoul) ....•..•..•.•. Journal of Nuclear Sciences (Seoul)
J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. (Tokyo) ••• Journal of Nuclear Science and
Technology (Tokyo)
Kanagawa-Ken Kogyo Shikenjo Kenkyu
Hokoku •••.•••.•............••. Kanagawa-Ken Kogyo Shikenjo Kenkyu
Hokoku (Bulletin of the Industrial
Research Institute of Kanagawa
Prefecture (Japan))
Kerntechnik ••••.............•.••. Kerntechnik, The Journal for Nu
clear Engineers and Scientists
Latv. PSR Zinat. Akad. Vestis, Fiz.
Teh. Zinat. Ser ...••...•.•.•.. Latvijas PSR Zinatnu Akademijas
Vestis, Fizikas un Tehnisko Zinatnu
Serija
Magy. Radiol .•••.•.•...••...•.... Magyar Radiologia
Nature ........................... Nature
Naturwiss. Rundsch ••.•••...•••.•. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau
Ned. Tijdschr. Natuurk ..•.•..•... Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuur
kunde
Nucl. Appl •••••....•...•......••• Nuclear Application
Nucl. Eng ••...•....•.••....•....• Nuclear Engineering Incorporating
Nuclear Power (England)
Nucl. Instrum. Methods •..••...••• Nuclear Instruments and Methods
Nucl. Phys ..•..•.•.•.••..••.•.••. Nuclear Physics (Netherlands)
Nucl. Sci. Appl ...•.•..•.•..•..•• Nuclear Science and Applications
Nucleus (Paris) •.•...••.••...•... Nucleus. La Revue Scientifique a
l'Age Atomique (Paris)
xii ABBREVIATIONS
Nukleonik Nukleonik
Nukleonika .....................•. Nukleonika (Poland)
Ohio J. Sci. . ..................•• Ohio Journal of Science
Onde Elect. Onde Electrique, L'
Oyo Butsuri Oyo Butsuri (Journal of Applied
Physics (Japan))
Phys. Lett. .•.................... Physics Letters
Phys. Rev .•...................•.• Physics Review
Phys. Today Physics Today
Prib. Tekh. Eksp. Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta
Proc. IEEE (Inst. Elec. Electron.,
Eng.) •...•......•............. Proceedings of the IEEE (Institute
of Electrical and Electronic Engi
neers, formerly Proceedings of the
Institute of Radio Engineers)
Rc. Accad. Naz. Lincei (Italy) ... Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei
(Italy) Rendiconti
Radiobiologiya Radiobiologiya
Radiochim. Act Radiochimica Acta
Rep. Progr. Phys •..........•..... Reports on Progress in Physics
Rev. Phys. Appl •..•.............. Revue de Physique Appliquee (Supple
ment au Journal de Physique)
Rev. Roum. Phys .................. Revue Roumaine de Physique
Rev. Sci. Instrum. Review of Scientific Instruments
Sci. Rep. Yokohama Nat. Univ.
(Japan) ......................• Science Reports of the Yokohama
National University
Science Science
Siemens Rev ...................... Siemens Reviews