Literary Allusions in Daniel to

326 Pages·2013·2.32 MB·English

by  Daewoong Kim

R I CE U N I V E R S I TY
B i b l i c al I n t e r p r e t a t i on in t he B o ok of D a n i e l:
L i t e r a ry A l l u s i o ns in D a n i el to G e n e s is a nd E z e k i el
by
D a e w o o ng K im
A THESIS SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
Doctor of Philosophy
APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE:
Matthias Henze (Chair), Watt^F. and Lilly G.
Jackson Professor in Biblical Studies and
Professor of Religious Studies, Founding
Director of Program in Jewish Studies
l J£
ApriLBC DeConick, Isla Carroll and Percy E.
Turner Professor of Biblical Studies and
Professor of Religious Studies
I
Scott McGill, Associate Professor of
Classics
HOUSTON, TEXAS
MAY 2013
ABSTRACT

Biblical Interpretation in the Book of Daniel:
Literary Allusions in Daniel to Genesis and Ezekiel

by

Daewoong Kim

This dissertation investigates the use of biblical interpretation in the Book of Daniel. It
demonstrates the spectrum in which Daniel uses older scriptural texts such as Genesis and
Ezekiel in order to accomplish the theological concord with the earlier scriptural traditions of
ancient Israel. Methodologically, the dissertation embraces the theory of literary allusion. The
allusions in Daniel to Genesis 10-11 characterize Daniel as a literature of resistance to human
imperialism. The motif of universal language, absolute dominion, symbolic construction for
imperialism, collective power of human politics, and divine triumph over Babel, resurface to
highlight the strong consonance between Genesis and Daniel. The allusions in Daniel to Ezekiel
demonstrate that Ezekiel 1-3 is the greatest source of apocalyptic texts in Daniel 7 and 10-12.
The anthropomorphic manifestation of God in Daniel’s apocalyptic vision harks back to that in
Ezekiel’s prophetic vision. Both magnificent characters in Daniel 7 (the one like a son of man)
and 10 (the heavenly revealer) are portrayed as liminal figures. The son of man figure alludes to
the Glory of YHWH (Ezekiel 1), Israel (Daniel 7), the maskilim (Daniel 11-12), and Ezekiel
(Ezekiel 1-3). The heavenly figure in Daniel 10 alludes to Ezekiel 1, evoking the Glory of
YHWH (Ezekiel 1), the maskilim (Daniel 11-12), and the four cherubim (Ezekiel 1). The links
between the maskilim and Prophet Ezekiel show how Daniel 10-12 reshapes Ezekiel 1-3 to
portray the critical period under Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to the scholars and friends. It has been my privileges to have
Professor Matthias Henze as Doktorvater of my dissertation. I have always been marveled at his
clarity of thought, his academic acumen, and his characteristic kindness even before I began my
doctoral work at Rice University. I always have a deep appreciation for Dr. Henze’s high
standards for my studies as well as true sympathy with my life as an international student. Dr.
Henze graciously allowed me to explore my own project, leading and nurturing my scholarly
interests in the broader range of Jewish scriptural texts in the Second Temple period. I am also
grateful with the opportunity to work with my dissertation committee members, Professor April
D. DeConick and Professor Scott McGill.
I thank Mr. Wally Ford and Mrs. Ann Ford for their unfailing Christian love. I do not
know how to express well my true appreciations to them. They have been with me and my
family whenever we were struggling with unexpected difficulties in life. It is also my great
happiness to have them as first readers who carefully read my writings and give me valuable
suggestions. I offer special thanks to Professor Kyoung-Mi Kim, who walks in the way of the
reader of the Bible. She has been a constant source of friendship and consolation. My thanks also
go to Sister Jihye Lee and Brother Min-Su Lee. They remembered and helped me and my family.
I thank Missionary Rev. Wha-Jah Lee, who unselfishly shared any valuables with me and my
family. I owe my great thanks to Christ’s brothers and sisters in Hanmaeum Presbyterian Church
at Houston. As I preached God’s words, I learned more from the truths of biblical texts than I
taught them. The members of Christ’s body in Boondang Choongang Church in South Korea
prayed that I would be a true scholar of the Korean Church, while providing me with generous
financial supports.
iv

My deepest appreciation goes to my family. I know my parents prayed for me every day.
My mother-in-law, Myoung-Hee Choi, and my brother in-law, Hyun-Seop Lee, took care of my
family when I could not. My wife’s aunt, Heong-Hee Choi, supported us, as though doing her
son and daughter. While I have lived as a graduate student during the past ten years, my wife
Hyunju Lee has sacrificed her life for me and our kids. This dissertation would not have occurred
without Hyunju. I thank our two daughters, Gaon and Karon, who have always been my closest
friends whenever I really needed one. Above all, Deo Gratia.

Rice University, April 2013 Daewoong Kim
ABBREVIATIONS

AATI American Association of Teachers of Italian
AB The Anchor Bible
ABR Australian Biblical Review
ACCSOT Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture Old Testament
AGAJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums
ANF The Ante-Nicene Fathers
AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament
AS Approaches to Semiotics
ASTI Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute
AT Art History
AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies
BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research
BBB Bonner biblische Beiträge
BDB Brown, F., S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of
the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907
BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich.
Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early
Christian Literature. 3d ed. Chicago, 1999
BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum Lovaniensium
BIS Biblical Interpretation Series
BIWL Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature
BMS Bibal Monograph Series
BSac Bibliotheca Sacra
BTB Biblical Theological Bulletin
BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
BQ Baptist Quarterly
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series
CBR Currents in Biblical Research
CEJL Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature
CI Critical Inquiry
Conf. De confusione linguarum
CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
CS Cahiers Sioniens
CTM Currents in Theology and Mission
DCLY Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook
vi

DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
DR Downside Review
EdF Erträge der Forschung
ET The Expository Times
ETR Etudes théologiques et religieuses
FZPT Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie
GTJ Grace Theological Journal
HALOT Koehler, L., W. Baumgartner, and J. J. Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon
of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of M. E. J.
Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden, 1994–1999
HAR Hebrew Annual Review
HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament
HTR Harvard Theological Review
HTS Harvard Theological Studies
HTS Hervormde Teologiese Studies
HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual
IB Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. 12 vols. New York, 1951–1957
ICC The International Critical Commentary
IDBSup Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: Supplementary Volume.
Edited by K. Crim. Nashville, 1976
JANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JBQ Jewish Biblical Quarterly
JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies
JEGP The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
JL Janua Linguarum
JLSM Janua Linguarum. Series Maior
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JP Journal for Preachers
JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods
JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism, Supplement Series
JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series
JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series
JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha: Supplement Series
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
vii

HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs
KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament
KHC Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament
LHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies (Formerly JSOTSup)
LSJ Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon.
9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford, 1996
LSTS Library of Second Temple Studies
MLN Modern Language Notes
MP Modern Philology
MT Masoretic Text (of the OT)
NIB The New Interpreter’s Bible
NLH New Literary History
NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum
NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus
NTS New Testament Studies
OBO Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis
OG Old Greek (of the OT)
OTP Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Edited by J. H. Charlesworth.
2 vols. New York, 1983
OTS Oudtestamentische Studiën
PLIAJSBUST Philip W. Lown Institute of Advanced Judaic Studies,
Brandeis University Studies and Texts
ProcGM Proceedings, Eastern Great Lakes and Midwest Biblical Societies
PPS Papers on Poetics and Semiotics
PT Poetics Today
PTMS Pittsburgh Theological Monograph Series
RB Revue Biblique
RevQ Revue de Qumran
RHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses
RQ Restoration Quarterly
RRJ Review of Rabbinic Judaism
RTT Research in Text Theory
SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series
SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers
SBSSS Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series
SemeiaSt Semeia Studies
SHBC Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary
SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
viii

SNT Studien zum Neuen Testamentum
SPHS Scholars Press Homage Series
ST Studia theologica
STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah
SVTP Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha
TASPS The Tel Aviv School of Poetics and Semiotics
TD Témoins de Dieu
TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Edited by G. J. Botterweck and H.
Ringgren. Translated by J. T. Willis, G. W. Bromiley, and D. E. Green. 8 vols.
Grand Rapids, 1974–
TEH Theologische Existenz heute
Th. Theodotion Greek (of the OT)
THL Theory and History in Literature
TL Theological Librarianship
TSAJ Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum
TT Theology Today
TTS Trierer theologische Studien
TynBul Tyndale Bulletin
VC Vigiliae christianae
VT Vetus Testamentum
VTSup Supplements to Vetus Testamentum
VWGT Veröffentlichungen der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Theologie
WBC Word Biblical Commentary
WTJ Wesleyan Theological Journal
WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament
WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
WUNT II Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. 2. Reihe
ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlicheWissenschaft
ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und
die Kunde der älteren Kirche
ZTK Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1

CHAPTER TWO: METHOD ................................................................ 5
I. Allusion and Similar Terms ................................................................ 5
II. The Literary Allusion ........................................................................................... 14
III. Ziva Ben-Porat’s Model of Literary Allusion ....................................................... 15
IV. Internal Allusion ........................................................................................... 23
V. Criteria for Identifying Literary Allusion in Daniel ........................................... 25
VI. The Procedure of Analysis of Allusion in Daniel ........................................... 31
A. Main Signs of Allusion ............................................................................... 32
B. Supplemental Signs of Allusion ................................................................... 33
C. Maximum Activation of Allusion ................................................................... 34
D. Exegetical Stream of Allusion ................................................................... 36

CHAPTER THREE: THE USE OF GENESIS IN DANIEL ......................... 38
I. Preliminary Research of the Pentateuch in Daniel ........................................... 38
A. Genesis in Daniel: The Role of Creation in Divine ............................... 39
B. Genesis in Daniel: Israel’s Resistance to Imperialism ............................... 41
II. Literary Allusions to Genesis 10-11 in Daniel 1-2 ........................................... 50
A. Main Signs of Allusion ............................................................................... 52
B. Supplemental Signs of Allusion ................................................................... 60
C. Maximum Activation of Allusion ................................................................... 65
1. The Genesis God-Babel Conflict in Daniel 1 ............................... 65
2. Language in Genesis and Dream in Daniel 1-2 ............................... 74
3. Tower in Genesis and Statue in Daniel 2 ........................................... 77
4. Scattered Humankind in Genesis and the Hewn Stone in Daniel 2:
The End of History of Human Imperialism ............................... 84
III. Literary Allusions to Genesis 10-11 in Daniel 3 ........................................... 89
A. Main Sign of Allusion ............................................................................... 89
B. Supplemental Signs of Allusion ................................................................... 95
C. Maximum Activation of Allusion ................................................................... 101
1. God’s Defeat of Humankind’s Imperialism ............................... 101
2. Martyrdom as Resistance to Imperialism:
Internal Allusion through the Motif of Fire ............................... 112
D. The Exegetical Stream of Allusion:
Anti-imperialism in Daniel and Its Literary History ............................... 117
x

IV. Literary Allusions to Genesis 10-11 in Daniel 4 ........................................... 125
A. Main Sign of Allusion ............................................................................... 128
B. Supplemental Signs of Allusion ................................................................... 134
C. Maximum Activation of Allusion ................................................................... 139
1. The Apocalyptic Portrayal of the Political Hubris in Daniel ....... 140
2. Divine Sovereignty over Human Politics .......................................... 148
D. The Exegetical Stream of Allusion:
Genesis, Daniel, Pseudo-Philo, and Third Baruch ............................... 161

CHAPTER FOUR: THE USE OF EZEKIEL IN DANIEL ......................... 167
I. Preliminary Research of the Prophets in Daniel ........................................... 167
A. Jeremiah in Daniel .............................................................................. 168
B. Isaiah in Daniel .......................................................................................... 172
C. Ezekiel in Daniel .......................................................................................... 180
II. Literary Allusions to Ezekiel 1-3 in Daniel 7 ...................................................... 186
A. Daniel 7 as Interconnecting Text .................................................................. 188
B. Main Signs of Allusion .............................................................................. 191
C. Supplemental Signs of Allusion .................................................................. 196
D. Maximum Activation of Allusion .................................................................. 214
1. The Figure like a Son of Man as the Holy People of Israel ....... 214
2. The Figure like a Son of Man, the Maskilim,
and the Prophet Ezekiel .................................................................. 219
E. The Exegetical Stream of Allusion:
From the Enthroned Glory to the Danielic Son of Man to
Christ in Revelation .............................................................................. 235
1. Christ in the Heavenly Throne-Room .......................................... 237
2. Christ’s Movement from Heaven to Earth .......................................... 242
3. Two Factors of the Christology in Revelation .............................. 244
III. Literary Allusions to Ezekiel 1-3 in Daniel 10 .......................................... 250
A. Main Signs of Allusion .............................................................................. 253
B. Supplemental Signs of Allusion .................................................................. 262
C. Maximum Activation of Allusion:
The Liminal Figures in Daniel and the Motif of Transformation .............. 271

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION ..................................................... 277

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 283