Table Of ContentThe Lit Interior
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The Lit Interior
William J. Fielder PE, m. IESNA
With contributions by
Frederick H. Jones PhD
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
Architectural Press
An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
First published 2001
© William J. Fielder and Frederick H. Jones 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in
any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by
electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some
other use of this publication) without the written permission of the
copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London,
England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written
permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed
to the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Fielder, William J.
The lit interior
1. Interior lighting 2. Lighting, architectural and decorative
I. Title II. Jones, Frederick H. (Frederick Hicks), 1944–
747.9'2
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Fielder, William J.
The lit interior/William J. Fielder; with contributions by Frederick H. Jones.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7506-4890-2
1. Interior lighting. 2. Electric lighting. 3. Lighting, architectural and
decorative. I. Jones, Frederick H. (Frederick Hicks), 1944–
TH7703.F54 2001
621.32'2–dc21 2001053540
ISBN 0 7506 4890 2
Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent, UK
Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
Contents
Preface ix
Chapter 1. The design medium 1
The process of vision 1
Light mechanics 4
Transmission 5
Refraction 6
Reflection 6
Absorption 7
Physical factors 8
Size 8
Contrast 8
Luminance 8
Time 8
Light quantity 9
Light quality 11
Glare 11
Brightness ratio 12
Diffusion 12
Color rendition 12
The psychology of lighting 13
Summary 16
Exercises 17
Chapter 2. The design tools 19
Lamps – the light source 19
Lamp theory 19
Incandescence 20
Photoluminance 20
Color temperature 22
Color rendering index 23
vi Contents
Lamp – major types 24
Incandescent lamps 24
Standard incandescent lamps 24
Tungsten halogen lamps 26
Infrared reflecting lamps 27
Incandescent lamp benefits 27
Incandescent lamp drawbacks 27
Incandescent lamp uses 28
Fluorescent lamps 28
Rapid start fluorescent lamps 29
Instant start fluorescent lamps 29
High output and very high output fluorescent lamps 30
Compact fluorescent lamps 30
Other fluorescent lamps 30
Fluorescent lamp advantages 31
Fluorescent lamp drawbacks 31
Fluorescent lamp uses 31
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps 32
Mercury vapor lamps 34
Metal halide lamps 35
High pressure sodium lamps 37
Low pressure sodium lamps 39
Ballasts 40
Fluorescent ballasts 40
Magnetic fluorescent ballasts 40
Hybrid fluorescent ballasts 40
Electronic fluorescent ballasts 40
High intensity discharge (HID) ballasts 41
Reactor ballast 41
High reactance autotransformer ballast 42
Constant wattage 42
Constant wattage autotransformer ballast 42
Luminaires 43
Reflectors 43
Shielding and diffusion devices 44
Baffles 45
Diffusers 45
Luminaire housings 46
Luminaire classification 46
Direct illumination 46
Semi-direct illumination 48
Semi-indirect and indirect illumination 48
Luminaire photometric data 49
Lighting calculations 49
Contents vii
Zonal cavity calculations 50
Computerized calculations 55
Controls 58
Standards, codes, and design guidelines 58
NFPA-70, The National Electric Code 59
NFPA-101, The Life Safety Code 59
ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 59
EPACT 92 62
IES recommended illumination levels 63
Exercises 65
Chapter 3. The design process 67
Ambient lighting 68
Luminaire selection 68
Energy code compliance 80
Task lighting 82
Luminaire selection 83
Accent lighting 87
Lighting for life safety 90
Exercises 93
Chapter 4. Powering and controlling the system 94
Power 94
System voltage 94
Wire sizing 95
Panelboards 95
Load calculations 98
Wiring and raceways 98
Lighting controls 100
Switches 100
Dimmers 102
Contactors 103
Photocells 104
Timers 104
Occupancy sensors 105
Light-sensitive controls 106
Example 106
Exercises 110
Chapter 5. The contract documents 111
The project plans 113
Project specifications 116
Section 16510 – Interior lighting 118
Part 1. General 118
viii Contents
Part 2. Products 120
Part 3. Execution 124
Exercises 125
Chapter 6. The second time around – retrofitting 127
The problem 127
The solution 128
Improving luminaire optics 128
Upgrading the ballast 129
Upgrading the lamps 129
Glossary 134
Index 145
Preface
This book is intended as a design guide for those individuals in
the fields of electrical engineering, architecture, and interior
design who will one day design lighting systems for others to
build.
The book is organized so that an individual with little or no
training in lighting design will become familiar with the basic
principles and psychology behind good lighting before design proce-
dures are addressed. Discussions on the process of vision and the
properties of light set the stage for exploring the various tools at
the designer’s disposal for creating and manipulating light to
provide a desired effect in an architectural space.
The reader is then led through the conceptual design process,
which entails the use of manufacturer’s offerings, codes and guide-
lines for space lighting, as well as calculation methods to predict
the performance of a design. The conceptual design is rounded out
by exploring methods for powering and controlling a lighting
system.
A realistic design problem is begun early in the journey, and is
completed, bit-by-bit, as each new concept is explored and applied
to the design. Documentation of the design is the final stage of the
process, which culminates in a finished set of plans and detailed
specifications for the project. A final segment of the book, called
‘The Second Time Around’, is devoted to retrofitting existing ineffi-
cient lighting systems with new, energy-efficient components to
improve light quality and reduce the energy consumption of older
systems.
Extensive use of the Internet is used throughout the design
process. Instructions for downloading and using manufacturer’s
data, calculation engines, and other tools are included in the text
and put to use in the exercises. In the interest of continuity, Inter-
net information for this book is almost exclusively that of Litho-
nia Lighting Co., a lighting equipment manufacturer. Other
