Liquid piston engines

258 Pages·2017·6.34 MB·English

by  Gupta

Liquid Piston Engines
Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Liquid Piston Engines
Aman Gupta, Shubham Sharma, and
Sunny Narayan
This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-32295-5
Cover images: Irrigation, Elswarro | Dreamstime.com. Plant, lofoto | Dreamstime.com
Chimneys, Piotr Majka | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Abstract ix
List of Symbols xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Types of Stirling Engines 2
1.3 Stirling Engine Designs 4
1.4 Free-Piston Stirling Engines 6
1.5 Gamma Type Engine 18
References and Bibliography 27
2 Liquid Piston Engines 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Objectives 32
2.3 Brief Overview of Pumps and Heat Engines 33
2.4 Heat Engine 38
2.5 C lever Pumps 42
2.6 History and Development of Stirling Engines 45
2.7 Operation of a Stirling Engine 48
2.8 W orking Gas 53
2.9 Pros and Cons of Stirling Engine 53
2.10 Low Temperature Difference Stirling Engine 54
2.11 Basic Principle of a Fluidyne 55
2.12 Detailed Working of a Fluidyne 57
2.13 Role of Evaporation 61
2.14 Regenerator 61
2.15 P umping Setups 62
2.16 Tuning of Liquid Column 63
2.17 Motion Analysis 64
2.18 Losses 65
2.19 Factors Affecting Amplitude 66
2.20 Performance of Engine 67
v
vi Contents
2.21 Design 67
2.22 Assembly 70
2.23 Calculation 71
2.24 Experiments 72
2.25 Results 74
2.26 Comparison Within Existing Commercial Devices 76
2.27 Improvements 78
2.28 Future Scope 79
2.29 Conclusion 80
2.30 Numerical Analysis 80
References and Bibliography 83
3 Customer Satisfaction Issues 87
3.1 Durability Issues 87
3.2 Testing of Engines 88
3.3 Design of Systems 88
3.4 Systems Durability 89
References and Bibliography 89
4 Lubrication Dynamics 91
4.1 B ackground 91
4.2 Friction Features 93
4.3 Effects of Varying Speeds and Loads 94
4.4 Friction Reduction 94
4.5 Piston-Assembly Dynamics 95
4.6 Reynolds Equation for Lubrication Oil Pressure 96
4.7 Introduction 102
4.8 Background 104
4.9 Occurrence of Piston Slap Events 105
4.10 Literature Review 110
4.11 Piston Motion Simulation Using COMSOL 114
4.12 Force Analysis 117
4.13 Effects of Various Skirt Design Parameters 120
4.14 Numerical Model of Slapping Motion 131
4.15 Piston Side Thrust Force 132
4.16 Frictional Forces 133
4.17 Determination of System Mobility 133
4.18 Conclusion 143
Contents vii
5 NVH Features of Engines 145
5.1 Background 145
5.2 Acoustics Overview of Internal Combustion Engine 146
5.3 Imperial Formulation to Determine Noise Emitted
from Engine 149
5.4 Engine Noise Sources 151
5.5 Noise Source Identification Techniques 154
5.6 Summary 157
References and Bibliography 158
6 Diagnosis Methodology for Diesel Engines 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Power Spectral Density Function 162
6.3 Time Frequency Analysis 162
6.4 Wavelet Analysis 163
6.5 Conclusion 164
References and Bibliography 165
7 Sources of Noise in Diesel Engines 167
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 Combustion Noise 168
7.3 Piston Assembly Noise 168
7.4 Valve Train Noise 170
7.5 Gear Train Noise 170
7.6 Crank Train and Engine Block Vibrations 171
7.7 Aerodynamic Noise 171
7.8 Bearing Noise 171
7.9 T iming Belt and Chain Noise 172
7.10 Summary 174
References and Bibliography 175
8 Combustion Based Noise 179
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Background of Combustion Process 
in Diesel Engines 180
8.3 Combustion Phase Analysis 183
8.4 Combustion Based Engine Noise 184
8.5 Factors Affecting Combustion Noise 186
8.6 In Cylinder Pressure Analysis 187
8.7 Effects of Heat Release Rate 187
8.8 Effects of Cyclic Variations 188
8.9 Resonance Phenomenon 189
viii Contents
8.10 In Cylinder Pressure Decomposition Method 189
8.11 Mathematical Model of Generation of
Combustion Noise 192
8.12 Evaluation of Combustion Noise Methods 193
8.13 Summary 199
References and Bibliography 199
9 Effects of Turbo Charging in S.I. Engines 203
9.1 Abstract 203
9.2 Fundamentals 204
9.3 Turbochargers 205
9.4 Turbocharging in Diesel Engines 206
9.5 Turbocharging of Gasoline Engines 207
9.6 Turbocharging 208
9.7 Components of Turbocharged SI Engines 208
9.8 Intercooler 213
9.9 Designing of Turbocharger 213
9.10 Operational Problems in Turbocharging of SI Engines 222
9.11 Methods to Reduce Knock in S.I Engines 223
9.12 Ignition Timing and Knock 223
9.13 Charge Air Cooling 224
9.14 Downsizing of SI Engines 225
9.15 Techniques Associated with Turbo Charging
of SI Engines Boosting Systems 225
10 Emissions Control by Turbo Charged SI Engines 231
11 Scope of Turbo Charging in SI Engines 233
12 Summary 235
13 Conclusions and Future Work 237
13.1 Conclusions 237
13.2 Contributions 237
13.3 Future Recommendations 238
References and Bibliography 240
List of Important Terms 243
Bibliography 247
Glossary 249
Index 251
Abstract
Engines and pumps are common engineering devices which have become
essential to the smooth running of modern society. Many of these are very
sophisticated and require infrastructure and high levels of technological
competence to ensure their correct operation. For example, some are com-
puter controlled, others require stable three-phase electrical supplies, or
clean hydrocarbon fuels. The first part of the project focuses on the iden-
tification, design, construction and testing of a simple, yet elegant, device
which has the ability to pump water but which can be manufactured easily
without any special tooling or exotic materials and which can be powered
from either combustion of organic matter or directly from solar heating.
The device, which has many of the elements of a Stirling engine, is a
liquid piston engine in which the fluctuating pressure is harnessed to pump
a liquid (water). A simple embodiment of this engine/pump has been
designed and constructed. It has been tested and recommendations on
how it might be improved are made. The underlying theory of the device is
also presented and discussed.
The second portion deals with noise,vibration and harshness perfor-
mances of internal combustion engines. Features of various sources of
noise and vibrations have been discussed and major focus has been on
combustion based noise and piston secondary motion.Various equations
of piston motion were solved and effects of various parameters on it were
analyzed.
ix
List of Symbols
Symbol Definition Units
V Volume cm3
P Pressure Bar
T Temperature Kelvin
R Gas Constant J/K-mol
v Voltage Volt
I Current Ampere
Q, V Volume flow Rate cm3/s
Q Heat Absorbed Joules
e
A Tube Area cm2
q Charge coulomb
C Specific Heat J/Kg-K
p
η Kinematic Fluid Viscosity m2/S
ω Frequency Hz
R Radius Of Tube cm
t
X Fluid Displacement cm
ρ Fluid Density kg/m3
U Heat Transfer coefficient W/m2-k
L,l Tube length cm
g Acceleration due to gravity m/s2
xi