Liquid Crystals: Materials Design and Self-assembly

418 Pages·2012·10.143 MB·English

by  Carsten Tschierske (auth.), Carsten Tschierske (eds.)

318
Topics in Current Chemistry
Editorial Board:
K.N. Houk C.A. Hunter M.J. Krische J.-M. Lehn
l l l
S.V. Ley M. Olivucci J. Thiem M. Venturi P. Vogel
l l l l
C.-H. Wong H. Wong H. Yamamoto
l l
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Liquid Crystals
Materials Design and Self-Assembly
Volume Editor: Carsten Tschierske
With Contributions by
T. Bellini (cid:1) R. Cerbino (cid:1) X. Feng (cid:1) E. Gorecka (cid:1) T. Hegmann (cid:1)
M. Kaller (cid:1) T. Kato (cid:1) S. Laschat (cid:1) M. Lehmann (cid:1) J. Mirzaei (cid:1)
D. Pociecha (cid:1) Y. Sagara (cid:1) O. Stamatoiu (cid:1) H. Takezoe (cid:1) K. Tanabe (cid:1)
C. Tschierske (cid:1) N. Vaupoticˇ (cid:1) S. Yamane (cid:1) G. Zanchetta
Editor
Prof.CarstenTschierske
InstituteofChemistry
OrganicChemistry
MartinLutherUniversityHalle-Wittenberg
Kurt-MothesStr.2
06120Halle/Saale
Germany
[email protected]
ISSN0340-1022 e-ISSN1436-5049
ISBN978-3-642-27590-6 e-ISBN978-3-642-27591-3
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-27591-3
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011945782
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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Volume Editor
Prof.CarstenTschierske
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OrganicChemistry
MartinLutherUniversityHalle-Wittenberg
Kurt-MothesStr.2
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Editorial Board
Prof.Dr.KendallN.Houk Prof.Dr.StevenV.Ley
UniversityofCalifornia UniversityChemicalLaboratory
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Prof.Dr.ChristopherA.Hunter Prof.Dr.MassimoOlivucci
DepartmentofChemistry Universita`diSiena
UniversityofSheffield DipartimentodiChimica
SheffieldS37HF,UnitedKingdom ViaADeGasperi2
c.hunter@sheffield.ac.uk 53100Siena,Italy
[email protected]
Prof.MichaelJ.Krische
Prof.Dr.JoachimThiem
UniversityofTexasatAustin
Institutfu¨rOrganischeChemie
Chemistry&Biochemistry Department
Universita¨tHamburg
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Martin-Luther-King-Platz6
AustinTX,78712-0165,USA
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[email protected]
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[email protected] [email protected]
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LaboratoryofGlycochemistry TheChineseUniversityofHongKong
andAsymmetricSynthesis UniversityScienceCentre
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Preface
Sincetheirdiscoveryin1888,liquidcrystals(LCs)havedevelopedfromascientific
curiositytoaninterdisciplinaryresearchfieldwithbroadcommercialapplications.
LC displays (LCD) represent the most obvious and successful example for the
practical application of LC, well know to a broad community. The light, flat and
low power-consuming LCD is one of the key components of present mobile
communicationanddataprocessingdevices,whichhavechangedourlivesconsid-
erably.Nowadays,eventheTV-marketisdominatedbyLCDwhichallowsincred-
ible screens sizes and resolutions. However, beside the well known display
technologytherearemanyotherapplicationsofliquidcrystals,forexamplepolar-
izedlightreflectingandphotonicbandgapmaterialsandlightmodulators.Liquid
crystallinepolymersare presentlyusedfor highstrengthfibres,fortheencapsula-
tion of microelectronic circuits and the construction of micro-electromechanical
andmicro-fluidicdevices.NumerousnewapplicationsofLCarealsoapproaching,
such as organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, organic field effect
transistors,tuneablelasersandmanyothers.Besidesthenumeroustechnicalappli-
cations there are also an increasing number of biomedical applications for drug
delivery, gene delivery, sensors and as promising materials for artificial bones,
tissues and actuators. In a more general sense, the combination of order and
mobilityintheLC state provides uniqueproperties andisabasicrequirementfor
self-assemblyandstructureformationintechnicalandbio-systems.
However,theLCdisplaysarestillbasedonthesimplestmodeofLCorganiza-
tion, the nematic phase, which comprises only an orientational order of the mole-
cules, new applications, as for example in organic electronics also require the
directeddesignofpositionalorderinone,twoorthreedimensionsasprovidedby
smectic, columnar and cubic phases, respectively. In this way, through molecular
design and synthesis of new LC molecules, the complexity of LC phases can be
increasedandthisisthebasisfortheemergenceofnewmaterialsproperties,paving
thewaytonewfutureapplications.Onerecentexampleisprovidedbytheso-called
bent-core molecules, where ferroelectricity and spontaneous achiral symmetry
breakingemergeinwellordered,butstillfluidsystems.
ix
x Preface
A number of fundamental aspects of liquid crystals chemistry were presented
in volumes 94 and 95 of Structure and Bonding, edited by D. M. P. Mingos and
published in 1999 and also in volume 128 of the same series, edited by T. Kato
and published in 2008. Another monograph was published by Springer in 2007
(Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, edited by A. Ramamoorthy) and deals more with
physical aspects of LC self assembly and methods of their investigation. This
volume intends to shed light on a selection of different aspects of contemporary
liquid crystal chemistry, focussing on molecular design carried out in order to
influencetheself-assemblybehaviourofLC-formingmoleculesinaspecificway.
The editor has intended to avoid duplications with subjects occurring in the
previousvolumesoftheseriesStructureandBondingandtoprovidethereaderwith
mostupdateinformationondesignandself-assemblyofLCmaterials.Thisvolume
in the Topics in Current Chemistry series combines eight chapters from different
areas,startingwithreviewsonthecurrentstateinthefieldsofLCswithperfluori-
natedsegmentsandLCsbasedoncrownetherstructures.Thefirstoneisfocussed
onnano-segregationasabasictoolforLC-design,leadingtospecificpropertiesand
new modes of self-assembly in liquid crystals. The second one provides a link to
host-guest chemistry, a major area of supramolecular chemistry. The first chapter
alsogivesashortintroductionintothefieldofLCself-assemblyandoffersabrief
description of the most important fundamental LC phase structures. LC phases
formedbyunusualmolecules,namelythree-arm-starmoleculesarereviewedinthe
third chapter. This is followed by a chapter presenting an overview of soft DNA-
based structures, not only covering LC phases but also including other soft struc-
tures based on DNA nanotechnology, which provides some examples for the
importanceofLCselfassemblyinbio-systemsandfortheoriginoflife.Asalready
mentioned above, another contemporary field of research is related to so-called
bent-core mesogens. Two chapters are devoted to this subject, one reviewing
complexphaseswithtwo-dimensionalorderandtheotheronefocussingonspon-
taneous achiral symmetry breaking in bent-core LC and also in other LC phases.
Another current research field deals with the combination of nano-particles and
LCs.Nano-particlescaneitherbecombinedwithunitspromotingtheirmesogenity
andenablingthemtoorganizeintowelldefinedperiodicLCstructures,ortheself
assemblyof nano-particlescan be mediated by aLC host matrix. Finally, there is
alsoaninfluenceofthenano-particlesonthephasestructureoftheLChost.Thelast
chapterisdevotedtothedirectedmoleculardesignofphoto-luminescentLC.
It is obvious that this volume cannot be fully comprehensive, but at least it
should provide a rough overview, covering some of the important subjects in the
field of liquid crystal design and self-assembly. Nevertheless, I hope the present
volumewillbehighlyinformativeandinspiringforchemistsandphysicistswhoare
interested in developing new materials based on the unique combination of order
andmobilityprovidedbytheLCstate.
Halle,December2011 CarstenTschierske