Liquid Crystalline Functional Assemblies and Their Supramolecular Structures

243 Pages·2008·7.102 MB·English

by  Isabel M. Saez, John W. Goodby (auth.), Takashi Kato (eds.)

128
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Liquid Crystalline Functional Assemblies
and Their Supramolecular Structures
Volume Editor: TakashiKato
Withcontributionsby
J.E.Bara·M.Funahashi·D.L.Gin·J.W.Goodby·T.Kato
R.L.Kerr·H.Kikuchi·M.Lee·P.T.Mather·C.S.Pecinovsky
S.J.Rowan·J.-H.Ryu·I.M.Saez·H.Shimura·M.Yoshio
123
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ISBN978-3-540-77866-0 e-ISBN978-3-540-77867-7
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TheUniversityofTokyo
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113-8656Tokyo,Japan
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Preface
Liquid crystals are a soft material formed through molecular assembly. The
liquid crystalline state is unique because it combines molecular order and
dynamicproperties.Nematicliquidcrystalshavebeenwidelyusedindisplay
devicesbecauseoftheiranisotropicnatureandresponsivenesstoelectricfields.
Generally,nematicliquidcrystalsconsistofrod-likemoleculesandtheyform
no nano-segregated structures. Recently, intensive studies have focused on
liquidcrystalsformingnano-segregatedstructuressuchassmectic,columnar,
andcubicphasestodevelopnewfunctionalmaterials. Thesenanostructured
liquid crystals are expected to show enhanced or anisotropic properties in
the following applications: electrooptics, photonics, transportation of elec-
trons, ions, or molecules, sensory, catalysis, and bioactivity properties. To
inducethesefunctionsinnanostructuredliquidcrystals,controlofthenano-
segregatedstructuresofthemolecularassembliesaswellasthedesignofthe
structureofeachmoleculeisofgreatimportance.
Anumberoffundamentalaspectsofliquidcrystalswerepresentedinvol-
umes 94 and 95 of Structure and Bonding, published in 1999 and edited by
Prof.Mingos.The present volume reflectsrecent aspects inthe development
offunctionalliquidcrystalswhichformnano-segregatedstructures.Theedi-
torhasintendedtoprovidereaderswiththemostup-to-dateinformationon
the design of liquid crystalline materials. In conventional liquid crystalline
compounds, the shapes of the mesogens were basically rod-like or disk-like
molecules with covalent bonds. On the basis of their molecular weights, the
materialswereclassifiedsimplyintolowmolecularweightliquidcrystalsand
polymerliquidcrystals.Thepolymerliquidcrystalswerecategorizedasmain-
chainandside-chaintypes.Thedesignofnewmoleculararchitecturesbased
onliquidcrystalsinvolvesthesynthesesofpolymerswithwell-definedstruc-
tures such as dendrimers and molecules with block structures. Moreover,
supramolecular architectures based on liquid crystals have been intensively
studied.Supramolecularliquidcrystalsformwell-definedstructuresthrough
non-covalent bonding including hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions.
Thepresentvolumecoversthesenewaspectsofdesignandfunctionalization
ofliquidcrystals.
InChapter1,SaezandGoodbydescribeunconventionalliquidcrystalshav-
ing“supermolecular”structuresthataremorecomplexthanthoseofconven-
X Preface
tional liquid crystals. They focus on dendritic liquid crystals with monodis-
persed and discrete molecular structures. These materials can incorporate
functionalmoieties intheself-organizedstates. InChapter 2,Lee reportson
the self-assembly of rod–coil molecules consisting of a rod-like mesogenic
partandflexiblecoils.Theyhaveblockstructuresinducingavarietyofliquid
crystallinephasesthatformthenano-segregatedstructures.
Chirality is also an important aspect of liquid crystals. The introduction
of chiral moieties into the chiral smectic phases induces functions such as
ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity. A few of the unconventional chiral
liquidcrystalsaredescribedinChapter1.Thebluephaseisoneoftheexotic
chiral liquid crystalline phases. In Chapter 3, Kikuchi introduces the basic
aspectsandrecentprogressinresearchofthebluephase.Recently,thematerials
exhibitingthebluephaseshaveattractedattentionbecausesignificantphotonic
andelectro-opticfunctionsareexpectedfromthematerials.
In Chapters 1, 2, and 3 unconventional liquid crystalline molecules with
complex structures based on covalent bonding are described. In Chapter 4,
Rowan and Mather demonstrate that non-covalent bonding such as hydro-
gen bondsmay be used for thedesign and construction ofliquid crystalline
materials.
Polymericmaterialshaveadvantagesbecauseoftheirstabilityandstructure-
formingproperties.Electron-andion-activeorganicpolymericmaterialshave
attractedattentionfornewdevices. InChapter 5,Katoandco-workersfocus
on polymeric liquid crystalline materials that are used for the development
of functional materials transporting ions and electrons. The nanostructures
such as smectic and columnar phases exhibited by side-chain, main-chain,
dendritic,andnetworkpolymersmayexhibitone-andtwo-dimensionaltrans-
portationproperties.
Thermotropic liquid crystals and also lyotropic liquid crystals generate
functional molecular assemblies. Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases are ex-
hibited by amphiphilic molecules in appropriate solvents. They form nano-
segregatedstructuresbecausethemolecularstructuresconsistofhydrophilic
andhydrophobiccomponents.InChapter6,Ginandco-workersdescribehow
lyotropicliquid crystalsmaybeused toformfunctionalmaterials. Lyotropic
liquid crystals can act as templates for inorganic materials, ion conductors,
catalysts,drugdeliverysystems,andnanofilters.
Ihopethepresentvolumewillbeveryinformativeandinspiringforscien-
tistsandengineerswhoareinterestedindevelopingnewfunctionalmaterials
based onthemolecular orderformedinliquid crystalsand theirnanostruc-
tures.
Tokyo,January2008 TakashiKato
Contents
SupermolecularLiquidCrystals
I.M.Saez·J.W.Goodby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LiquidCrystallineAssemblyofRod–CoilMolecules
J.-H.Ryu·M.Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
LiquidCrystallineBluePhases
H.Kikuchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
SupramolecularInteractionsintheFormation
ofThermotropicLiquidCrystallinePolymers
S.J.Rowan·P.T.Mather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
FunctionalLiquidCrystallinePolymers
forIonicandElectronicConduction
M.Funahashi·H.Shimura·M.Yoshio·T.Kato . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
FunctionalLyotropicLiquidCrystalMaterials
D.L.Gin·C.S.Pecinovsky·J.E.Bara·R.L.Kerr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
AuthorIndexVolumes101–128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235