Liquefaction Around Marine Structures (With CD-ROM), Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering - Volume 39)

470 Pages·2013·9.08 MB·English

by  Mutlu Sumer

LIQUEFACTION
AROUND MARINE
STRUCTURES
7986_9789814329316_tp.indd 1 27/2/14 9:43 am
ADVANCED SERIES ON OCEAN ENGINEERING
Series Editor-in-Chief
Philip L- F Liu (Cornell University)
Published
Vol. 27 Nonlinear Waves and Offshore Structures
by Cheung Hun Kim (Texas A&M Univ., USA)
Vol. 28 Coastal Processes: Concepts in Coastal Engineering and Their Applications to
Multifarious Environments
by Tomoya Shibayama (Yokohama National Univ., Japan)
Vol. 29 Coastal and Estuarine Processes
by Peter Nielsen (The Univ. of Queensland, Australia)
Vol. 30 Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management (2nd Edition)
by J. William Kamphuis (Queen’s Univ., Canada)
Vol. 31 Japan’s Beach Erosion: Reality and Future Measures
by Takaaki Uda (Public Works Research Center, Japan)
Vol. 32 Tsunami: To Survive from Tsunami
by Susumu Murata (Coastal Development Inst. of Technology, Japan),
Fumihiko Imamura (Tohoku Univ., Japan),
Kazumasa Katoh (Musashi Inst. of Technology, Japan),
Yoshiaki Kawata (Kyoto Univ., Japan),
Shigeo Takahashi (Port and Airport Research Inst., Japan) and
Tomotsuka Takayama (Kyoto Univ., Japan)
Vol. 33 Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures, 3rd Edition
by Yoshimi Goda (Yokohama National University, Japan)
Vol. 34 Coastal Dynamics
by Willem T. Bakker (Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands)
Vol. 35 Dynamics of Water Waves: Selected Papers of Michael Longuet-Higgins
Volumes 1–3
edited by S. G. Sajjadi (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA)
Vol. 36 Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction (Second Edition)
by Stanislaw R. Massel (Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of
Sciences, Sopot, Poland)
Vol. 37 Computational Wave Dynamics
by Hitoshi Gotoh (Kyoto University, Japan),
Akio Okayasu (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan)
and Yasunori Watanabe (Hokkaido University, Japan)
Vol. 38 An Introduction to Hydraulics of Fine Sediment Transport
by Ashish J. Mehta (University of Florida, USA)
Vol. 39 Liquefaction Around Marine Structures (With CD-ROM)
by Mutiu Sumer (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)
*For the complete list of titles in this series, please write to the Publisher.
Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering — Volume 39
LIQUEFACTION
AROUND MARINE
STRUCTURES
B. Mutlu Sumer
Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
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Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering — Vol. 39
LIQUEFACTION AROUND MARINE STRUCTURES
(With CD-ROM)
Copyright © 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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ISBN 978-981-4329-31-6
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction and Physics of Liquefaction 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Wave-Induced Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Residual liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Momentary liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Other Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Biot Equations and their Solutions 17
2.1 Biot Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Solutions to Biot Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 Stresses in soil under a progressive wave . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Stresses in soil under a standing wave . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 Residual Liquefaction 39
3.1 Sequence of Liquefaction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.1 Buildup of pore pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.2 Onset of liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1.3 Liquefaction stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1.4 Dissipation of accumulated pressure
and compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 Mathematical Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.1 Peacock and Seed’s (1968) experiment . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.2 Equation governing the buildup of pore pressure . . . . 72
3.2.3 Solution to the equation of buildup of pore pressure.
Infinitely large soil depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
v
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vi CONTENTS
3.2.4 Solution to the equation of buildup of pore
pressure. Finite soil depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3 Centrifuge Modelling of Residual Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.1 Centrifuge testing. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3.2 Centrifuge wave testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.3 Comparison with standard wave-flume results . . . . . 102
3.4 Mathematical Modelling of Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.5 Influence of Clay Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.6 Influence of Cover Stones/Surcharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.7 Influence of Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4 Momentary Liquefaction 149
4.1 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.2 The Case of Saturated Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.3 The Case of Unsaturated Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.3.1 Infinitely large soil depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.3.2 Finite soil depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.5 Air/Gas Content in Marine Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5 Floatation of Buried Pipelines 181
5.1 Existing Work and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.2 Critical Density of Pipeline for Floatation . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.3 Density of Liquefied Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.4 Density of Liquefied Soil. Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . 193
5.4.1 Model equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.4.2 Calibration of the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.4.3 Implementation of the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.5 Assessment of Time of Travel for Floating Pipe . . . . . . . . 202
5.6 Stability Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
5.7 Floatation due to Momentary Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6 Sinking of Pipelines and Marine Objects 211
6.1 Description of the Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.2 Termination of Sinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
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CONTENTS vii
6.2.1 Related physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
6.2.2 The depth of sinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.3 Drag on a Sinking Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.4 The Case of Momentary Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7 Liquefaction Under Standing Waves 241
7.1 Residual Liquefaction Under Standing Waves . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.1.1 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.1.2 Buildup of pore pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.1.3 Liquefaction stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.1.4 Dissipation of accumulated pressure
and compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.1.5 Comparison with the progressive wave . . . . . . . . . 257
7.2 Mathematical Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.3 Momentary Liquefaction Under Standing Waves . . . . . . . . 264
7.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8 Liquefaction at Gravity Structures 269
8.1 Description of Pressure buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.1.1 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.1.2 Pressure buildup due to rocking motion . . . . . . . . . 271
8.1.3 Does pressure buildup reach liquefaction levels? . . . . 277
8.2 Assessment of Residual-Liquefaction Potential . . . . . . . . . 280
8.2.1 First screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.2.2 Assessment of liquefaction potential . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.3 Momentary Liquefaction Around a Breakwater . . . . . . . . . 299
8.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9 Stability of Rock Berms in Liquefied Soil 309
9.1 Sequence of Liquefaction with Berm Present . . . . . . . . . . 311
9.2 Stability of Berm Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.2.1 General description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.2.2 Comparison with berm exposed to water motion . . . . 317
9.2.3 Incipient stone motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
9.2.4 Degree of damage in Sumer et al.’s (2011) tests . . . . 322
9.3 Remarks on Practical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
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10 Impact of Seismic-Induced Liquefaction 327
10.1 Seismic-Induced Liquefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
10.2 Review of Existing Codes/Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10.3 Japanese Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
10.3.1 Brief history of earthquakes and design codes . . . . . 341
10.3.2 Current design code/standard for port and
harbour facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
10.3.3 Mitigations/remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
10.3.4 Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
10.4 Turkey Kocaeli Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
10.4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
10.4.2 Damage caused and lessons learned . . . . . . . . . . . 356
10.5 Lateral Ground Deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
10.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
10.5.2 Existing lateral-spread predictive models . . . . . . . . 361
10.5.3 Empirical or semi-empirical models . . . . . . . . . . . 364
10.5.4 Laboratory-based models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
10.5.5 Final remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
10.6 Tsunamis and their Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
10.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
10.6.2 Direct effects of tsunamis on coastal structures . . . . . 374
10.6.3 Indirect effects of earthquakes and tsunamis.
Resonant oscillations in enclosed basins . . . . . . . . . 376
10.6.4 Final remarks/guidelines for protecting
coastal structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
10.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
11 Counter Measures 393
11.1 Buried Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
11.2 Gravity-Base Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
11.3 Hydraulic Fills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
11.4 Steel Sheet Pile Cofferdams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
11.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
A Small Amplitude, Linear Waves 409
A.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
B Soil Properties 413
B.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
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CONTENTS ix
C In-Situ Relative Density 419
C.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
C.2 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
C.3 In-Situ Relative Density of a Backfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
C.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
D Hsu & Jeng Coefficients 433
D.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
E List of Symbols 437
Author Index 441
Subject Index 451