Table Of ContentCONTENTS
THE COMPLETE CATALOGUE
(cid:115)(cid:0)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:0)(cid:115) THE
D I S C O V E R T H E W O R L D
with the Linnaeus Apostles through this major LINNAEUS
Cover I-II: Discover The World with The Linnaeus Apostles
international series of eight volumes – eleven
T H E I K F O U N D A T I O N & C O M P A N Y
books in all – with the overall title of (cid:1) (cid:246)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:56)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:70)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:1)
THE LINNAEUS APOSTLES
APOSTL ES (cid:1) (cid:248)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:52)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:71)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:245)(cid:252)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:74)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:84)
An international, independent learned organisation for promoting natural GLOBAL SCIENCE & ADVENTURE.
and cultural history. The IK Foundation’s mission is to promote and stimu-
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late a better understanding of history from a variety of perspectives. This is the COMPLETE CATALOGUE of the
G S & A
greatest research and publishing project ever on LOBAL CIENCE DVENTURE (cid:252)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume One
For more than two decades IK has worked for a better understanding of the the chosen few who came to be known as the Introduction
natural and cultural history of our world by means of, among other things, Linnaeus Apostles. During the 18th century, the
(cid:245)(cid:244)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Two
Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
field work, research projects, exhibitions and publications.
Europe, Arctic & Asia
was to inspire seventeen of his pupils to travel
to distant corners of the world to document local
As an independent and not-for-profit organisation - with a strong reputa- 1(cid:246)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Three
nature and culture. They travelled across land
tion for excellence, interdisciplinary thinking, in-depth knowledge and Europe, North & South America
and sea on their own or as members of expedi-
long-term results - IK continues to develop unique international networks
tions, covering every continent between the years (cid:245)(cid:249)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Four
of cooperation and finance in order to fulfil its mission.
1745 and 1799. Europe, Middle East, North East & West Africa
A mission in which we believe that it is the right of everyone to have access (cid:245)(cid:252)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Five
Although Linnaeus and some of his apostles are
to good knowledge of both local and global natural and cultural history and Southern Africa, Oceania, Antarctica & South America
known internationally, several of the apostles
that an interdisciplinary and historical approach to these subjects probably
are relatively unfamiliar, despite their global pio-
(cid:245)(cid:253)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Six
makes it easier to understand life as it is today and face the future - some- neering work in the service of science and man-
Europe, Southern Africa, East-, Southern- & Southeast Asia
thing that affects all of us on planet earth. kind. The publication of their journals – several
of them now made available for the very first (cid:246)(cid:245)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Seven
By collaborating with other networks - large and small, local and global - time – will for a long time to come stimulate fresh Europe, Southern Africa, Oceania, South America, East-, Southern-
we can initiate and manage long-term and in-depth scientific projects of research, new thinking and not least provide ex- The C omplete
& Southeast Asia
high quality that are presented in an easily understood and absorbing citing reading about cultures, landscapes and
Cata logue
manner. people of a bygone era. (cid:246)(cid:248)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Eight
Encyclopædia
The Complete Catalogue provides an overview
In order to assure that products and works - such as fieldwork, research,
(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:246)(cid:250)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:34)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:1)(cid:109)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:89)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:44)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:1)
of this monumental series of eight volumes –
exhibitions and publications - are of high and enduring quality, IK has 8 VO LU M E S
and Inspiration
comprising in all eleven books and over 5,500
established a vibrant global network of experts and organisations engaged
pages – which has been in preparation since 11 B O O K S
in both practical and theoretical work. As IK is an autonomous organisation (cid:1)(cid:246)(cid:251)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:79)
the late 1990s under the overall title of ‘The
that is not ruled by financial, political, religious or governmental con-
Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure’. (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:246)(cid:252)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:78)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:48)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:83)
straints, it is able to build unique and independent networks to collaborate
on new and important tasks. Cover III-V: General Information
The Global Journeys of the Linnaeus Apostles – from 1745 to 1799 (Map)
Works issued by The IK Foundation & Company
the ik foundation & company
The Complete Catalogue ISBN 978-1-904145-27-1 (Price: £10.00)
DO JOIN US, COME AND EXPLORE NEW HORIZONS
Text published in full for the first time – never Text based on transcriptions from an 18th century
WITH US AT
before published in any language. edition, manuscript or letter.
www.ikfoundation.org Text published in English for the very first time. Text based on transcription from a 20th century
Not previously available in English. edition and studies of original handwritten
documents.
Complete text now published in English.
Only parts of the journal previously published
in English.
D I S C O V E R T H E W O R L D w i t h
THE
LINNAEUS APOSTLES
GLOBAL SCIENCE & ADVENTURE
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(cid:78)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:245)(cid:244)(cid:244)(cid:13)(cid:244)(cid:244)(cid:244)(cid:1)(cid:84)(cid:70)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:1)(cid:87)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:1)
(cid:84)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:1)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:66)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:1)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:66)(cid:77)(cid:1)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:77)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:66)(cid:77)(cid:1)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:15)
‘The Linnaeus Apostles series is
blessing us by being in English
translation...’
Professor Emeritus William A. Weber,
University of Colorado Museum, USA
‘Your eight volumes series devoted to the work
and exploration of Linnaeus’ pupils sounds an
important and invaluable project...’
Sir David Attenborough,
Naturalist, Broadcaster BBC, United Kingdom
AFRICA • AgRICULTURE • ANTARCTICA • ANTHRO-
CONTENTS POLOgY • ARCTIC OCEAN • ASIA • ASTRONOMY
THE COMPLETE CATALOGUE
AUSTRALASI •• AATTLLAASSEESS &&
(cid:115)(cid:0)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:0)(cid:115) THE
D I S C O V E R T H E W O R L D
with the Linnaeus Apostles through this major LINNAEUS Cover I-II: Discover The World with The Linnaeus Apostles MMAAPPSS •• BBIIBBLLII THE OO g gRRAAPPHHYY
international series of eight volumes – eleven
T H E I K F O U N D A T I O N & C O M P A N Y
books in all – with the overall title of (cid:1) (cid:246)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:56)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:70)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:1)
LINNAEUS
THE LINNAEUS APOSTLES
APOSTL ES (cid:1) (cid:248)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:52)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:71)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:245)(cid:252)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:1)(cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:74)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:84) BBIIOOggRRAAPPHHYY •• BBOOTTAANNYY
An international, independent learned organisation for promoting natural GLOBAL SCIENCE & ADVENTURE.
and cultural history. The IK Foundation’s mission is to promote and stimu-
(cid:1) (cid:250)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:77)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:1)(cid:109)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:70)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:53)(cid:83)(cid:66)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:79)
APOSTL ES
late a better understanding of history from a variety of perspectives. This is the COMPLETE CATALOGUE of the
G S & A CCAARRTTOOggRRAAPPHHYY •• EECCOONNOOMMYY
greatest research and publishing project ever on LOBAL CIENCE DVENTURE (cid:252)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume One
For more than two decades IK has worked for a better understanding of the the chosen few who came to be known as the Introduction
G S & A
natural and cultural history of our world by means of, among other things, Linnaeus Apostles. During the 18th century, the EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENN LOBAL CIENCE DVENTURE TT •• EEUURROOPPEE
(cid:245)(cid:244)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Two
Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
field work, research projects, exhibitions and publications.
Europe, Arctic & Asia
was to inspire seventeen of his pupils to travel
As an independent and not-for-profit organisation - with a strong reputa- to distant corners of the world to document local 1(cid:246)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Three EETTHHNNOOggRRAAPP HHYY •• FFIIEELLDD
nature and culture. They travelled across land
tion for excellence, interdisciplinary thinking, in-depth knowledge and Europe, North & South America
and sea on their own or as members of expedi-
long-term results - IK continues to develop unique international networks
tions, covering every continent between the years (cid:245)(cid:249)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Four WWOORRKK •• ggEE OOggRRAAPPHHYY
of cooperation and finance in order to fulfil its mission.
1745 and 1799. Europe, Middle East, North East & West Africa
A mission in which we believe that it is the right of everyone to have access (cid:245)(cid:252)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Five
Although Linnaeus and some of his apostles are ggEEOO L LOOggYY && && PPAALLEEOONN--
to good knowledge of both local and global natural and cultural history and Southern Africa, Oceania, Antarctica & South America
known internationally, several of the apostles
that an interdisciplinary and historical approach to these subjects probably
are relatively unfamiliar, despite their global pio-
(cid:245)(cid:253)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Six
makes it easier to understand life as it is today and face the future - some- neering work in the service of science and man- TTOO L LOOggYY •• HHIISS HH II SS TT OO RR YY
Europe, Southern Africa, East-, Southern- & Southeast Asia
thing that affects all of us on planet earth. kind. The publication of their journals – several
of them now made available for the very first (cid:246)(cid:245)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Seven
HHIISSTTOORRYY OOFF FF SSCC II E E N NCCEE
By collaborating with other networks - large and small, local and global - time – will for a long time to come stimulate fresh Europe, Southern Africa, Oceania, South America, East-, Southern-
we can initiate and manage long-term and in-depth scientific projects of research, new thinking and not least provide ex- The C omplete
& Southeast Asia
high quality that are presented in an easily understood and absorbing citing reading about cultures, landscapes and
Cata logue LLAANNggUU A AggEE •• MMAARRIITTIIMMEE
manner. people of a bygone era. (cid:246)(cid:248)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) Volume Eight The Complete
Encyclopædia
Catalogue
The Complete Catalogue provides an overview
In order to assure that products and works - such as fieldwork, research, (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:246)(cid:250)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:34)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:1)(cid:109)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:89)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:1)(cid:44)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:1) HHIISSTTOORRYY •• MMEEDDIICC IINNEE
of this monumental series of eight volumes –
exhibitions and publications - are of high and enduring quality, IK has 8 VO LU M E S
and Inspiration
comprising in all eleven books and over 5,500
established a vibrant global network of experts and organisations engaged
in both practical and theoretical work. As IK is an autonomous organisation pages – which has been in preparation since 11 B O O K S (cid:1)(cid:246)(cid:251)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:53)(cid:73)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:79) MMEETTEEOORROO L LOO 8 VO LU M E S ggYY •• MMUUSSIICC
the late 1990s under the overall title of ‘The
that is not ruled by financial, political, religious or governmental con-
Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure’. (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:246)(cid:252)(cid:1) (cid:114)(cid:1) (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:78)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:48)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:83) 11 B O O K S
straints, it is able to build unique and independent networks to collaborate
NNAATTUURRAALL HHIISS OORRYY ••NORTH
on new and important tasks. Cover III-V: General Information
The Global Journeys of the Linnaeus Apostles – from 1745 to 1799 (Map)
Works issued by The IK Foundation & Company AMERICA •• OOCCEEAANNIIAA
the ik foundation & company
The Complete Catalogue ISBN 978-1-904145-27-1 (Price: £10.00) Works issued by
DO JOIN US, COME AND EXPLORE NEW HORIZONS SSCC IIEENNTTIIFFIICC the ik foundation & company CC IINNSSTTRRUU--
Text published in full for the first time – never Text based on transcriptions from an 18th century
WITH US AT
before published in any language. edition, manuscript or letter.
www.ikfoundation.org Text published in English for the very first time. Text based on transcription from a 20th century
MENTS • SSOOUUTTHH && CCEENNTTRRAALL AAMMEERRIICCAA • • T TAAxxIIDDEERRMMYY
Not previously available in English. edition and studies of original handwritten
documents.
Complete text now published in English.
Only parts of the journal previously published
in English. TAxONOMY • TRAVEL • VOYAgES • ZOOLOgY ...
the COMPLETE CATALOGUE the COMPLETE CATALOGUE
THE PRESIDENT OF
WELCOME TO THE INCREDIBLE WORLD THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY (2002 - 2008)
about the Linnaeus apostles...
OF THE LINNAEUS APOSTLES
The great Linnaeus himself was a considerable Solander was on Cook’s first expedition with
traveller in his early years and it is entirely Sir Joseph Banks and became his secretary
This is the complete catalogue of the greatest research and publishing project ever on the appropriate that, three hundred years after and close associate. Such men were observ-
chosen few who came to be known as the Linnaeus Apostles. During the 18th century, the his birth, he should be commemorated by a ant, humane and sensible. Nowhere is this
Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) was to inspire seventeen of his pupils to travel splendid set of travel works comprising eleven more evident than in the works of Anders
to distant corners of the world to document local nature and culture. They travelled across books arranged as eight volumes which Sparrman and Carl Peter Thunberg. Sparr-
land and sea on their own or as members of expeditions, covering every continent between record the expeditions of his ‘apostles’ – men man’s long sojourn in South Africa followed by
who sought to emulate and extend the his joining Cook’s second expedition resulted
the years 1745 and 1799.
achievement of their mentor. For their part, in the two volume work of 1786 reprinted in
the IK Foundation and their backers are to be this series. Thunberg also travelled in South
Although Linnaeus and some of his apostles are known internationally, several of the apostles
congratulated on following the example of Africa before proceeding to South East Asia
are relatively unfamiliar, despite their global pioneering work in the service of science and
the Swedish royal family and the Swedish and then Japan. Four volumes published in
mankind. The publication of their journals - several of them now made available for the very
Academy 250 years before in supporting this 1795 are now to be found in one attractive
first time - will for a long time to come stimulate fresh research, new thinking and not least
scientific project. book. Admirable products of the European
provide exciting reading about cultures, landscapes and people of a bygone era.
The publishing programme is well under - Enlightenment, these two men and the others
way and already much valuable material has featured certainly deserve the renewed
The Complete Catalogue provides an overview of this monumental series of eight volumes -
been made available. Some of the Swedish attention which this project will bring them.
comprising in all eleven books and over 5,500 pages - which has been in preparation since the travellers of the later eighteenth century who Their observations embrace not only natural
late 1990s under the overall title of ‘The Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure’. figure in the Apostles series are comparatively history but also, very often, political, econom-
little known today, especially in the English- ic and social conditions. The opportunity
All who are interested in the natural and cultural history of our planet are invited to discover speaking world. Others are remembered but which the Apostles series now provides for
that world in the company of the Linnaeus Apostles. From our present viewpoint we cannot their writings have hitherto not been easily scholars to tap into this great resource of
but admire their role as travellers - curious, self-sacrificing and many-sided. The pages accessible even where English translations knowledge and information is to be wel-
exist. In some cases, materials have been comed but so, too, is the reading pleasure
of their journals, sometimes written under difficult circumstances, allow us to hear echoes
drawn from manuscript sources and are here which much of the material here presented
of lost worlds and inspire us to continue to work in our own time in the same spirit as they
made available for the first time in any affords us. One eagerly awaits the Introduc-
did in theirs.
published form. Rothman’s adventures in tory volume and the Encyclopædia with its
Africa and Rolander’s investigations in index, and biographical and bibliographical
Sincerely yours, Suriname fall into this category. So do Pehr information which will yet further enhance the
Kalm’s observations on parts of southern value of the collection.
Lars Hansen England in 1746, which are worthy of the The Editor-in-Chief, Lars Hansen, and his
Editor-in-chief and Executive director, attention of historians in Britain. Other work colleagues deserve our warm thanks for their
The IK Foundation & Company was published in the eighteenth century but work. Moreover, the books themselves are
now appears in English for the first time. This beautifully printed and bound. It is a joy to
includes the extraordinarily detailed and handle them. One is proud to possess such
systematic account of the Russian Empire of handsome volumes and to know that one has
Catherine the Great by JP Falck and the travels something worthwhile to pass on to one’s
in Spain and Venezuela made by the ‘apostle’ children and grandchildren.
who was closest to Linnaeus himself, Pehr
Löfling. Some of the apostles became Roy Bridges
associated with British enterprises. Adam Emeritus Professor of History, University of
Afzelius suffered in Sierra Leone but resolutely Aberdeen, United Kingdom
continued his plant collecting. Daniel
) 3 (
the COMPLETE CATALOGUE the COMPLETE CATALOGUE
SCIENTIFIC AUTHORS FROM THE
THE PRESIDENT OF THE
18TH CENTURY TO MODERN TIMES
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON
about the series...
The complete texts, including illustrations and maps, of the accounts of all seventeen of Lin- The consolidation into one series of volumes of importantly used to ensure that it is possible
naeus’ apostles are published here, mostly on the basis of their original journals or, where the texts that cover the discoveries and travels of to discuss all the relevant properties of
none survive, older printed editions or correspondence. This is the very first time that this Linnaeus’ pupils, ‘The Apostles’, has given the all the millions of living organisms we know
interesting and important material relating to a bygone era is made public in its entirety; for biological sciences a major tool to understand now. The quality of research, writing and
the benefit not only of interdisciplinary researchers into natural and cultural history but of how one man, Linnaeus, could see, name, and editorial control provides a most pleasing and
classify the whole of the 18th century’s world of helpful understanding of those great men’s
everyone who has a general interest in those subjects.
nature. own dedication and application, in often very
Without these stalwart men, Linnaeus’ reach harsh conditions, to explore and explain the
In the introductory and concluding volumes world experts in various subject fields provide
and understanding would have been severely wonders and importance of the natural world
accounts of the 18th century, of Linnaeus as a person, of travelling and the hardships of
limited and natural history may never have that they discovered. The scholarship evident
field work, together with biographies, a comprehensive new bibliography of all the publica-
grown into the many facets of the biological in the preparation of these volumes and their
tions of the apostles and an index with over 100,000 classified search terms relating to all eight
sciences we know today. Without his dedica- content will provide a major stimulus to dig
volumes. tion and application to name the whole living deeper and study further the work and lives of
world known at that time, using the binomial these great explorers. This publishing triumph
system, the simplest of tools to accurately is a fitting major beacon to end the Tercente-
”These stunningly beautiful books transport the reader
identify any living entity, we would not have nary celebrations of their inspiring professor’s
to the edges of the known world, when everything was
had the major step forward this gave to having birth.
new, exciting and undiscovered...”
a universal system that all scientists could
apply. It allowed for a methodology that could Professor David F. Cutler PLS
Professor Eric Warrant
continuously be added to, and even more United Kingdom
University of Lund, Sweden
Director, The Solander Program
DDuurriinngg tthheeiirr jjoouurrnneeyyss Several of the apostles
tthhee aappoossttlleess ggeenneerraallllyy had their journals published
kkeepptt aa ttrraavveell jjoouurrnnaall aanndd during the 18th century but
oofftteenn aallssoo eennggaaggeedd iinn aa some only 250 years later.
lliivveellyy ccoorrrreessppoonnddeennccee,, As the attractive, very rare
iinn wwhhiicchh eevveennttss aanndd and expensive original
oobbsseerrvvaattiioonnss oonn nnaattuurraall volumes were printed in
aanndd ccuullttuurraall hhiissttoorryy small editions, the few
wweerree rreeccoorrddeedd.. TThhee copies that still survive
ddooccuummeennttss aarree today are found only in
ssoommeettiimmeess iilllluussttrraatteedd special collections around
aanndd aarree oofftteenn wwrriitttteenn the world. Not all the
iinn aa vvaarriieettyy ooff journals were published,
llaanngguuaaggeess,, iinncclluuddiinngg however. Only now, with
SSwweeddiisshh,, GGeerrmmaann,, the publication of ‘The
FFrreenncchh,, EEnngglliisshh aanndd Linnaeus Apostles - Global
LLaattiinn.. Science & Adventure’, are all
the texts of the apostles
made available in their
entirety in English, together
with illustrations and maps.
the COMPLETE CATALOGUE
THE ART OF SCHOLARLY PUBLISHINg
- THE LINNAEAN TRADITION
This edition follows editorial traditions that
were already established in the time of Carl
Linnaeus. The texts have been set in classic
typefaces, which recreate the beauty of the
originals published 250 years ago. Where illus-
trations and maps were found in the source
materials - whether manuscript or printed -
they have been reproduced on the same scale
that they were originally intended to have.
Here we find botanical, zoological and ethno-
graphic plates as well as autograph sketches,
signatures, musical annotation, weather sym-
bols and genuine Tapa cloth from the Pacific.
In some volumes fold-out maps provide
further help in understanding the geography
of the journeys, together with numerous illus-
trations relating to both natural and cultural
history that complement the narrative content
of the texts.
In the two modern text volumes (One and
Eight) mainly new visual material is published,
which has been produced specifically for this
edition. The folio format and the quality paper
and bindings, with silk bookmarks, make each
PPLLAATTEE XXXXIIXX
volume easy and pleasant to use.
This magnificent and beautiful edition is a veritable landmark in the
field of the history of science and learning. It is a masterpiece of
scholarly publishing and a worthy representative of the Linnaean
tradition, prepared with great care, enthusiasm and expertise. In
the middle of the 18th century Sweden was one of the leading
nations in the field of science, surpassed only by England and
France. For the first time this well-edited corpus makes the discover-
ies of the disciples of Linnnaeus available in a reliable and concen-
trated way. In addition, it supports further research with the help of
an introductory volume, indexes and an exhaustive bibliography.
Professor Esko Häkli, Former National Librarian of Finland
) 6 ( ) 3 (
VOLUME one VOLUME one
This section concludes with another contribution by Gunnar Eriksson, ‘Clergyman or
physician?’, in which he outlines the 18th-century approach to education and knowledge
INTRODUCTION
that enabled Linnaeus to enrol as an undergraduate at the tender age of ten. He also explains
the choices that had to be confronted between studying theology, medicine or natural history.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS
The last six chapters are devoted to the practical aspects of the apostles’ voyages and of their
field work. They begin with Carl Linnaeus’ ‘Instructions for travelling scientists
Volume One contains twelve background chapters, divided between three sections of natural history’. When Linnaeus dispatched his apostles on their often perilous expedi-
that deal respectively with Sweden and the rest of the world in the 18th century tions he gave them written instructions as to what they should observe and what they should
(chapters One to Three), with Carl Linnaeus and his scholarly environment collect and send back to him. Finally, in 1759, he decided to write a more general set of ‘In-
(chapters Four to Six) and with the technical aspects of 18th-century research in structions’ for travelling naturalists, in which he not only gave practical hints but also advice
natural history (chapters Seven to Twelve). This richly illustrated volume begins on how the traveller should conduct himself when meeting people of other cultures, religions
with the EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION and FOREWORD, followed by and traditions.
articles written by leading scientific writers in various subject fields, which are ‘Over land and sea’, written by Per Sörbom, Senior Lecturer in the History of Science
essential for an understanding of the 18th-century world. and Ideas, describes the daily life of the apostles as they travelled by sea or land in ships or
boats, on wagons or on foot. Falling ill and being quarantined when arriving at some port of
THE 18TH CENTURY call or falling victim to robbery and other misadventures were common experiences of theirs.
This section begins with the chapter ‘One world, many horizons’, writ- How did they survive? Crossing borders and exchanging currency presented formidable dif-
ten by Ulla Ehren svärd, Professor of Historical Cartography, which pro- ficulties. Did they have passports and visas? To send a message or the specimens that they had
vides an account of the state of map-making in the 18th century and of collected back to Linnaeus could take years.
how the world was perceived, both from Europe and elsewhere. Another 18th-century text is ‘Mr. Smeathman’s useful hints for those who in-
In a chapter entitled ‘Sweden’, Staffan Helmfrid, Professor Emeri- tend to visit or settle in Africa & other hot climates’, in which Henry Smeath-
tus of Cultural Geo graphy, describes the homeland of Linnaeus and of man (1742-1786), an English naturalist and social reformer, offered some useful advice for
most of his apostles. He takes us on a journey through the country and those travelling to countries in the inter-tropical zone of the world.
introduces us to its nature and to its people, villages and towns, explaining In the chapter called ‘In the chest’ the textile historian Viveka Hansen examines the
its political system and indicating how Sweden was regarded in other coun- luggage that the apostles carried with them. Clothes, wigs, medicines, paper and writing
tries. materials, books, articles of personal hygiene etc. are just a few of the items recorded in the
The section on the 18th-century world ends with ‘the people of Lin- documents produced by the apostles.
naeus’, in which Gunnar Broberg, Professor of the History of Science and Scientific instruments, tools and printed works of reference were other important and val-
Ideas, introduces us to the people of that era and their views on life, humani- uable items taken along on the voyages. The often expensive instruments, which had some-
ty, nature and death, the everyday intellectual pre occupations of Linnaeus times not been tested in the field, are described by Professor Karl Grandin, Ph.D., an histo-
and his apostles. rian of science and ideas, and Anders Eriksson M.A. in ‘scientific instruments’.
The collections assembled by the apostles during their travels in distant and exotic lands
SEEKERS AFTER TRUTH are now dispersed all over the world. But how did they actually set about gathering botanical,
The second section begins with a lively portrait of Linnaeus in the chapter zoological, geological and ethnographic specimens? The systematic organisation of the apos-
‘carl linnaeus - carl von linné’, written by Gunnar Eriksson, Pro- tles’ field work in environments ranging from tropical to arctic is described in ‘Collecting
fessor Emeritus of the History of Science and Ideas. Who was this seeker and preparing’ by the late taxidermist and journalist Ragnar Edberg.
after truth? What were his good sides and what were his faults? This chap-
ter also deals with the professional aspect of Linnaeus’ character, his role in
the world of science and the range of his influence. facts volume one
Next the subject of Linnaeus’ pupils is addressed - who they were and
why they became his apostles, how they were chosen, the extent of Linnae- TiTle ma, professor emeritus Gunnar eriksson, Pages: ≈ 500
The Linnaeus aposTLes – GLobaL science professor Karl Grandin phd, Textile historian Illustrations/maps: sumptuosly illustrated
us’ scholarly network and the instructions he gave to the apostles. The an-
& advenTure. inTroducTion. voLume one viveka hansen, professor emeritus staffan and maps.
swers to these questions are given in the chapter entitled ‘the apostles’, Language: english. helmfrid, professor carl Linnaeus, naturalist
Authors: professor Gunnar broberg, henry smeathman, docent per sörbom and Published: december 2009.
by Sverker Sörlin, Professor of Environmental history, together with
Taxidermist and journalist ragnar edberg, professor sverker sörlin. ISBN: 978-1-904145-15-8.
a list of all the apostles and other followers of Linnaeus. professor ulla ehrensvärd, anders ericsson Editor-in-chief: Lars hansen.
) 8 ( ) 9 (
VOLUME two VOLUME two
Uppsala University, where he was closely associated with Linnaeus. A major problem for
him, apart from his melancholic disposition, were his chronically straightened finances, which
EUROPE • ARCTIC • ASIA made it difficult for him to find the time and energy for his studies. Linnaeus sympathised
with Falck, however, and helped him in various ways, due to which in 1763 he travelled to St.
Rolandsson Martin ~ Falck Petersburg, where he was initially made responsible for a natural-history collection and was
later appointed as professor of medicine and botany at the Medical G ardens.
In 1768 Falck was invited to participate in one of the expeditions that were sent out by
Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia, and by the Russian Academy of Science to ex-
plore the western, southern and eastern parts of the empire. The diary that he left behind
This volume - EUROPE, ARCTIC & ASIA - contains the texts of two books, opening with shows him to have been an exceptionally attentive observer; he made detailed notes on every-
ANTON ROLANDSSON MARTIN’S own account of his journeys to Spitsbergen and Nor- thing that he experienced in the course of the journey with regard to varieties of landscape,
way, which contains unique descriptions of that part of the world and of the hardships of travel- provinces, villages, buildings, lakes and rivers, mineral and soil types, plants, animals, ethnic
ling in areas of extreme cold. The most extensive part of the volume is JOHAN PETER groups, languages, manners and customs and forms of dress. Despite his curiosity about the
FALCK’S account of his Russian journey. He was a diligent and meticulous observer of natural continually changing environments, Falck was constantly burdened by illnesses, in addition
history and of local cultures. The volume is amply illustrated with plates and two maps covering to which the travelling conditions contributed to depressing his spirits and his general well-
Falck’s journey. being. It all became too much for him at the end of March 1774 in Kazan, where he committed
suicide.
Anton Rolandsson Martin (1729 - 1785) was born at the manor of Mijntenhoff near Reval Johann Gottlieb Georgi - a former pupil of Linnaeus and a friend of Falck’s - was the last
(now Tallinn) in present-day Estonia. He studied both at Åbo Academy in Finland and person to speak to him, he arranged his funeral, took care of his voluminous notes and also,
at Uppsala University in Sweden. As a naturalist and physician he accompanied a whaling ten years later, published Falck’s observations in three volumes in German - ‘Herrn Johann
expedition to the Arctic in 1758, thus becoming one of the first scientific visitors to set foot on Peter Falk, Beyträge zur topographischen Kenntniss des Russischen Reichs’.
Spitsbergen. The account of his sojourn in the Arctic world begins with valuable notes on the
voyage on a whaling ship of the Greenland Company, which formed part of a large fleet that
facts volume two
made its way to the Arctic Ocean. His journal is a detailed source of information on ship-
wrecks and the everyday routines on board but also on snowflakes, ice, the degrees of cold
Book one SuBTiTle 2 SuBTiTle
and the fauna and flora. Due to the weather conditions around Spitsbergen, his visit was brief, Johan peTer FaLcK’s JournaL. russia - Johan peTer FaLcK’s JournaL. russia -
but he managed to describe and collect natural-history specimens before the expedition was TiTle Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan.
The Linnaeus aposTLes - GLobaL science & Source 3 Source 3
forced to turn southwards. His journal is an early and rare example advenTure. EUROPE, ARCTIC & ASIA, voLume Johan Peter Falck, Essays on the Topography Johan Peter Falck, Essays on the Topography
of a description of a scientific voyage in the Arctic climate zone. TWo booK one. anTon roLand sson of the Russian Empire, volume i-iii, of the Russian Empire, volume i-iii,
marTin, Johan peTer FaLcK. st petersburg 1785. Translated from the st petersburg 1785. Translated from the
After his return to Sweden Martin made one further journey,
SuBTiTle 1 German; Johann Peter Falk: Beyträge zur German; Johann Peter Falk: Beyträge zur
this time to study the natural and cultural history of Norway. In anTon roLandsson marTin’s JournaLs. Topographischen Kenntniss des Russischen Topographischen Kenntniss des Russischen
sweden - spitsbergen - norway. Reichs. st petersburg: Kayserl. akademie der Reichs. St Petersburg: Kayserl. akademie der
the report on his travels there during the years 1759-1760, which
Source 1 Wissenschaften, 1785-86. Wissenschaften, 1785-86.
was presented at Uppsala in 1761, he provided a circumstantial A diary kept during a journey to the North Pole Language: english and scientific names in Language: english and scientific names in
or Spitsbergen, undertaken in 1758 at the Latin and descriptions of these in German. Latin and descriptions of these in German.
account of the Nor wegian economy. It includes detailed descrip-
expense of the Royal Swedish Aca demy of Transcribed by viveka hansen. vocabularies in German, Finnish, cheremiss,
tions of the climate, the soil, the plants and trees, of arable farm- Sciences on a vessel of the Greenland Company Translated by Tom Geddes. votyak, ostyak, Kazan Tartar, Kirghiz,
in Gothenburg, by anton rolandsson martin. bukharan and Kalmyk.
ing and the cultivation of coastal meadows and how the Nor-
Translated from the swedish; ‘Ymer’ 1881 Authors/Apostles: anton roland sson martin Transcribed by viveka hansen.
wegians irrigated their fields, of fishing, saltpetre factories, the [ed. svenska sällskapet för antropologi och and Johan peter Falck. Translated by Tom Geddes.
Geografi]; rolandsson martin, anton, Pages: 1-360.
rural inhabitants and much else that is of significance for the econ-
Dagbok hållen vid en resa till Norrpolen eller Illustrations/Maps: 1 zoological plate Authors/Apostles: Johan peter Falck
omic history of southern Norway. His writings bear witness to Spetsbergen, på Kongl. Vetenskaps akademiens [rolandsson martin]. 5 ethnographical Pages: 361-752.
omkostnad och med ett Grönländska plates, 2 folding maps T.A. Landkarte zur Illustrations/Maps: 17 botanical plates,
the fact that Martin was an acute observer. About a year after his
Compagniet i Göteborg tillhörande skepp år Ûbersicht der Acad. Reisen im Russ. Reich. and 8 ethnographical plates and 14 zoological
return from Norway he suffered an illness as a result of which he 1758 förrättad. T.B. Landkarte zur Ûbersicht der Acad. Reisen im plates.
had to have one leg amputated, which obliged him to discontinue Source 2 Russ. Reich. [Falck].
Talk on Norweigan House keeping...1761, by Published: december 2007.
his travels in the service of science. anton rolandsson martin. Translated from a Book Two ISBN:
swedish manuscript kept in royal academy book one 978-1-904145-16-5.
of sciences in stockholm. Tal om de Norskas TiTle book Two 978-1-904145-17-2.
Johan Peter Falck (1732 - 1774) was born in the village of hushålning... 1761. anton rolandsson martin. The Linnaeus aposTLes - GLobaL science & Editor-in-chief: Lars hansen.
Kockstorp in the province of Västergötland in Sweden. Natural Language: english and scientific names in advenTure. EUROPE, ARCTIC & ASIA. voLume
Latin. TWo booK TWo, Johan peTer FaLcK.
history was his favourite subject during his period of study at
Translated by richard emery.
) 10 ( ) 11 (
VOLUME three VOLUME three
Kalm was well equipped to cope with a long voyage to North America, being appointed
around that time as professor of political economy at Åbo. In October 1747 Kalm departed for
EUROPE • NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA England, which he reached after an enforced sojourn of some months in Norway. Wherever
he went he found something of interest to record, especially in England, where he stayed for
Kalm ~ Löfling ~ Rolander about half a year. Apart from seeking useful information, he admired the beauty of the
countryside, the gardens, city life in London and the architectural sights. He also described
in detail the communications by land and sea, the gathering of botanical and zoological spec-
imens and the local manners and customs.
His descriptions continued in the same manner once he reached his main goal, North
This volume - EUROPE, NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA - consists of three books. The first America - above all in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and southern Canada - although matters of
two contain accounts of the journeys of PEHR KALM, with detailed information on the cult - economic interest where here, if anything, emphasised even more than during his sojourn in
ural and natural history of both southeastern England and, above all, the eastern regions of England. Throughout his travels he recorded everything from the design of ploughs to
North America. The third book contains the unique descriptions of PEHR LÖFLING’S travels butter- making, methods of fishing and the construction details of buildings, to mention but a
in Spain and Venezuela. DANIEL ROLANDER’S comprehensive and detailed multi- few topics from his crowded journal. Kalm survived for almost thirty years after returning
disciplinary presentation, primarily of Suriname, concludes the wealth of information on the from his great voyage and was therefore able to work up the results of his researches and to
New World encompassed in this volume, which is amply illustrated with plates and maps. publish an account of his travels. Only now, however, is the original journal published in an
English translation, with autograph sketches from the manuscript, together with the first
Pehr Kalm (1716 - 1779) was born to parents from Finland who had been forced by the exig- English version of his printed travel narrative, including reproductions of its plates. This pro-
encies of war to flee to Sweden. Despite their modest means, young Kalm was enabled, after vides an invaluable and circumstantial documentation of English and North American natur-
returning to Finland, to study at Åbo Academy, where he was to be prepared for the al and cultural history in the mid-18th century, with the addition of notes on the first Swedish
priesthood. His great interest in natural history soon became decisive for his future career, settlers in America, extracts from their parochial records, meteorological observations and
however. Thanks to his natural talents, he came to the notice of the scientifically interested many other interesting observations.
Baron Sten Carl Bielke, who supported him in his studies and later helped him to enrol under
Carl Linnaeus at Uppsala University in order to extend his knowledge further there. In 1747 Pehr Löfling (1729 - 1756) was born in the Swedish province of Hälsingland. He began his
studies at an early age with a private tutor and enrolled at the age of fourteen at Uppsala Uni-
versity. Being eager to learn and intelligent, he advanced rapidly in his study of natural hist-
ory. That brought him an offer to travel to Spain, which was realised in the autumn of 1751,
his principal task being to provide a scientific classification
of the flora of that country and to enlarge the knowledge of
its cultivated plants. His Spanish journey was so successful
that he was awarded the title of professor as early as 1753
and was invited to join the scientific expedition to South
America of the scientist J. de Itturiaga as a botanist. Löfling
accepted the offer and was allocated four assistants to help
him to discover and catalogue botanical specimens. His
journal is full of botanical descriptions both from his so-
journ in Spain and the period when he was energetically
documenting a variety of biotopes in Venezuela. His long
field trips in a tropical climate finally ended his life by dis-
ease; he died only 27 years old at San Antonio de Caroni in
the Guyana province of Venezuela. His notes were subse-
quently returned to Linnaeus, who published them post-
humously in Swedish in 1758. The journal shows him to
have been a true naturalist and a gifted botanist, who was
also able to record many other valuable observations in the
course of his journeys. It ends with two extensive botanical
listings of ‘Plantæ Hispanicæ’ and ‘Plantæ Americanæ’.
) 12 ( ) 13 (
VOLUME three VOLUME four
Daniel Rolander (1725 - 1793) was born in the village of Hälleberga in the Swedish prov-
ince of Småland, the childhood environment of Carl Linnaeus. He was also to begin his stud-
ies in the same town as Linnaeus, namely Växjö, from where he made his way to Uppsala EUROPE • MIDDLE EAST
University to study theology. The study of that subject was less congenial to him than his
interest in natural history and especially in entomology. That was the reason why he was lat- NORTH EAST & WEST AFRICA
er, in part thanks to Linnaeus, commissioned to travel to Suriname to gather scientific infor-
mation on that Dutch plantation colony. Rolander travelled by way of northern Germany to Rothman ~ Hasselquist ~ Forsskål ~ Berlin ~ Afzelius
Amsterdam and on to South America, where he arrived on 20 June 1755. His seven-month
stay in Suriname reveals an exceptionally gifted observer of people, plants and animals and a
very talented narrator. After his return to Sweden his life was marked by the effects that his This volume - EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST, NORTH EAST & WEST AFRICA -
journey had on him but also by his falling out of favour with Linnaeus. He died in poverty in contains the travel accounts left by GÖRAN ROTHMAN, FREDRIK HASSELQUIST,
1793 in Sweden’s second university town, Lund. His original manuscript journal, entitled PETER FORSSKÅL, ANDREAS BERLIN and ADAM AFZELIUS. They are unique
‘Diarium Surinamicum, quod sub itinere exotico conscripsit Daniel Rolander’, was later acquired multidisciplinary documents, extending geographically from the countries of the eastern and
by the Botanical Central Library in Copenhagen. The English translation published here of southern Mediterranean through the regions of Arab culture down to the equatorial regions of
all 699 pages of the Latin autograph manuscript is the very first edition of that work to appear West Africa. The volume is illustrated with plates and maps.
in print in any language.
Göran Rothman (1739-1778) was born in the village of Huseby in the Swedish province of
Småland, only a couple of dozen miles from the birthplace of Carl Linnaeus. Although he had
an academic family background, his father being both a physician and a senior schoolmaster
- one of his pupils was the young Linnaeus - Rothman had experience of poverty. He studied
at Uppsala University, from which he graduated as a medical doctor in 1763. At the invitation
of a Tripolitanian envoy the linguistically gifted and scrupulous Rothman was to travel to
Tripoli and its environs as a learned doctor and a scholar of natural history. His journal and
facts volume three
correspondence, published here for the first time in any language, contain an extensive an-
thropological documentation of his researches in Libya and Tunisia. Despite deficiencies in
Book one and Two Transcribed by viveka hansen. Latin. Floras in Latin. the promised financial support, he completed his task. His little known account of those re-
Authors/Apostles: pehr Kalm. Translated by richard emery and mark
TiTle Pages: 1-998. Wells, revised by eivor cormack and dennis gions is drawn from an original manuscript numbering 218 pages. Rothman died two years
The Linnaeus aposTLes - GLobaL science & Illustrations/Maps: 1 geographical plate, 5 Goodall. after his return to Sweden.
advenTure. EUROPE, NORTH & SOUTH zoological plates, 32 small sketches from Transcribed by viveka hansen.
AMERICA. voLume Three booK one & booK handwritten originals, SuBTiTle 2
TWo. pehr KaLm. 2 signatures from handwritten originals, danieL roLander´s JournaL. sweden - Fredrik Hasselquist (1722-1752) was born in the village of Törnevalla in the Swedish
SuBTiTle weather signs and 1 large folding map denmark - Germany - holland - suriname -
province of Östergötland in a modest house next to the church, where his father was assistant
pehr KaLm’s JournaL. sweden - norway - A New and accurate Map of part of North- st. Kitts & nevis.
england - united states of america - canada. America. Source 2 vicar. Despite spells of impecunity, he managed to enrol as a medical student at Upp-
Source 1 daniel rolander, The Suriname Journal:
sala University in 1741. Hasselquist became an accomplished traveller who, in the
pehr Kalm, Travel Diary of the Journey to Book Three composed during an exotic journey. Translated
North America. Translated from the swedish; from Latin manuscript; DIARIUM spirit of the age, sought information about the ‘Holy Land’ at the request of Lin-
Kalm, Pehr, Resejournal över resan till Norra TiTle SURINAMICUM, quod sub itinere exotico
naeus, although the latter failed to finance his journey. With limited
Amerika, published by martti Kerkkonen & The Linnaeus aposTLes - GLobaL science & conscripsit, daniel rolander.
John e. roos, helsingfors part 1 1966 och part advenTure. EUROPE, NORTH & SOUTH Language: english and scientific names and travelling funds the young man carried out his assignment and in the
2 (parts of) 1970. AMERICA. voLume Three booK Three. pehr shorter descriptions of these in Latin.
course of his journey to Jerusalem recorded detailed descriptions of
Source 2 LÖFLinG, danieL roLander. Translated by James dobreff, claes
Kalm, peter (pehr), Travels into North SuBTiTle 1 dahlman, david morgan and Joseph Tipton. whatever he found to be of interest in the fields of natural and cultural
America, vol. i, Warrington 1770 vol. ii - iii, pehr LÖFLinG´s JournaL. sweden -
history in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt, Palestine and Leba-
London 1771. denmark - portugal - spain - venezuela. Authors/Apostles: pehr Löfling and daniel
Source 3 Source 1 rolander. non. His chronically weak constitution succumbed to the hardships,
pehr Kalm, Travel Diary of the Journey to Petri Loefling, Iter Hispanicum, or voyage to Pages: 999-1581. which ended his life in Smyrna in 1752. His journal and collected
North America. Spanish countries in Europe and America Illustrations/Maps: 2 botanical plates
Translated from the swedish; Kalm, pehr, carried out from AD 1751 to AD 1756, published [Löfling]. 11 botanical plates [rolander]. materials had to be redeemed for a considerable sum in order
Resejournal över resan till Norra Amerika, by carl Linnaeus, stockholm 1758. Translated to be repatriated to Sweden. Hasselquist’s journal was pub-
published by John e. roos & harry Krogerus, from the swedish; Loefling, petri, (pehr Published: december 2008.
helsingfors part 4 (parts of) 1988. Löfling), Iter Hispanicum, eller Resa til ISBN: lished posthumously by Linnaeus in several languages. It
Language: english and scientific names in Spanska Länderna uti Europa och America, book one 978-1-904145-18-9. attests to the keenness of a gifted young person to learn
Latin. shorter passages in French. förrättad ifrån År 1751 til år 1756, utgifven af book Two 978-1-904145-19-6.
about and understand the nature and cultures of the myste-
vocabulary in eskimo. carl Linnaeus, stockholm 1758. book Three 978-1-904145-20-2.
Translated by peter hogg. Language: english and scientific names in Editor-in-chief: Lars hansen. rious ‘Orient’.
) 14 ( ) 15 (
Description:Cover I-II: Discover The World with The Linnaeus Apostles .. wrecks and the everyday routines on board but also on snowflakes, ice, the degrees of
