Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction

577 Pages·2012·22.42 MB·English

by  Kristin Denham, Anne Lobeck

Symbol
Word-initial
Word-medial
Word-final

θ
thin, thank, thought
author, Arthur
bath, breath

ð
then, though
wither, feather
bathe, breathe

š
ship, charade
dishes, nation
fish, rash

ž
genre
measure, casual
rouge, garage1

č
chip, cello
riches, kitchen
ditch, which

ǰ
gem, jump
bludgeon, bridger
ridge, judge

ŋ
N/A
ringer, singing
wing, tongue

ʍ
what, which2
awhile
N/A

= voiceless
= voiced

Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal

Stop
p
b
t
d
k
g

Fricative
f
v
θ
ð
s
z
š
ž

Affricate
č
ǰ

Nasal
m
n
ŋ

Glide
ʍ
w
y
h

Liquid
l
r

Consonant Phonemes of English

Front
Central
Back

High
i (beat)
u (boot)

ı (bit)
ʊ (put)

Mid
e (bait)
ə (tuna)
o (boat)

ɛ (bet)
ʌ (but)
ɔ (bawdy)

Low
æ (bat)
a (body)

Monophthongal Vowels with Example Words

Non-Alphabetic Consonant Symbols with Examples

You may prefer to use the following alternative symbols for the palatal affricates and fricatives:
š = ∫, ž = ʒ, č = t∫, and ǰ = dʒ.

1. In some dialects, these words would have /ǰ/ rather than /ž/.

2. These words begin with /w/ rather than /ʍ/ for most American English speakers.

The most common diphthongs in American English are

/ay/ as in wide and sky (also sometimes written as /aɪ/ or /ai/)
/aw/ as in loud and cow (also sometimes written as /æw/, /æʊ/, or /aʊ/)
/oy/ as in toy and foil (also sometimes written as /ɔy/, /ɔɪ/, or /oɪ/)

44382_ifc_ptg01_hires.indd 515
11/9/11 7:37:48 PM

This page intentionally left blank

44382_fm_ptg01_hires_i-xxvi.indd 26
11/15/11 3:47:43 PM

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,

some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Linguistics for

Everyone

An Introduction

Second Edition

Kristin Denham

Western Washington University

Anne Lobeck

Western Washington University

44382_fm_ptg01_hires_i-xxvi.indd 1
11/15/11 3:47:41 PM

© 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,
information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except
as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940389

ISBN-13: 978-1-111-34438-2

ISBN-10: 1-111-34438-8

Wadsworth
20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
USA

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with
office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at:
international.cengage.com/region.

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.

For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com.

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.cengagebrain.com.

Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction,
Second Edition
Kristin Denham, Anne Lobeck

Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl

Publisher: Michael Rosenberg

Development Editor: Joan M. Flaherty

Assistant Editor: Erin Bosco

Editorial Assistant: Rebecca Donahue

Media Editor: Janine Tangney

Marketing Program Manager: Gurpreet Saran

Marketing Communications Manager:
Linda Yip

Senior Content Project Manager: Michael
Lepera

Art Director: Marissa Falco

Senior Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey

Rights Acquisition Specialist: Jessica Elias

Production Service/Compositor:
PreMediaGlobal

Text and Cover Designer: Maxine Ressler

Cover Art: iStockphoto

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706

For permission to use material from this text or product,

submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions

Further permissions questions can be emailed to