Table Of ContentLINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS
LINEAR
INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
APPLICATIONS
G.B.Clayton
Department of Physics
Liverpool Polytechnic
M
© G. B. Clayton 1975
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission.
First published 1975
Reprinted 1977 (with corrections), 1978
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
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ISBN 978-0-333-18722-7 ISBN 978-1-349-86163-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-86163-7
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Preface
The manufacture of circuits in integrated form dates from about 1959;
the technology had its first impact in the field of digital electronics and it is
here that the most impressive developments have taken place. It is only
comparatively recently, after the general acceptance of the first linear i.c.'s, the
operational amplifiers. that manufacturers have turned their efforts to the
development of a variety of linear integrated circuit devices. Attention has
naturally been directed to the linear devices which lend themselves to an
economlC utilisation of the i.c. process because of their potentially large
volume production requirements. Both linear and digital i.c.'s simplify the
design of electronic systems, they free the engineer from much detailed design
work and allow hirn to concentrate on the problems of the total system.
In a rapidly expanding subject like electronic measurements there is always
a difficulty in keeping in touch with the newer devices and techniques that are
available. This book is an attempt to remedy the situation, it highlights those
linear integ~ated circuit devices that are likely to be of most use in signal
measurement and processing systems and shows how they can be used to
perform the functional operations.
A practical approach is emphasised throughout the book. This is intended to
encourage the reader to try out the devices for hirnself. Linear integrated circuit
manufacturers strive to make their products with the greatest possible user
convenience. The era of 'plug it in and it plays' has almost arrived. It is now
possible, using linear i.c.'s, to build electronic systems to a degree of complexity
and precision of operation not formerly possible with discrete component
systems. Even in systems formerly implemented using discrete components the
use of i.c.'s and modules will invariably be found to provide overall cost/
performance advantages. There are savings in component costs when compared
with discrete component designs of equivalent performance. there are also cost
savings in assembly, inventory, incoming inspection, maintenance, etc.
Performance advantages do not rest only in electrical performance but include
mechanical performance, environmental performance (the effect of temperature,
humidity-etc.) and reliability performance.
The most widely used linear integrated circuit is the operational amplifier;
vi
the operational amplifier is likely to remain in the forefront of linear system
design for some considerable time, until perhaps the individual i.c.'s in
measurement systems are absorbed in large scale integrations of the complete
system. The applications of operational amplifiers are many and varied: they
have been treated in two other books by the author 1,2. In this book the
applications of operational amplifiers as measurement amplifiers and the use
of operational amplifiers in active filter circuits are dealt with. The remainder
of the book is concerned with the more recently introduced linear integrated
circuits, monolithic integrated circuit modulators, four quadrant multipliers,
timers, waveform generators and phase locked loops. The book describes the
principles underlying the operation of the devices and their applications in
performing so me of the functions required in signal measurement and
processing systems.
Numerical exercises are included at the end of each chapter of the book.
The exercises are designed to test comprehension and to give familiarity with
design equations and with the order of magnitude of the components that are
used in practical device applications. The book should prove useful to both
the practising experimental scientist and the undergraduate student in a
scientific or engineering discipline. The practical approach which it adopts
should serve as a balance to the rather intensive theoretical treatment given in
many undergraduate courses in electronic engineering.
Acknowledgements are made to the following manufacturers for information
provided In their techmcalliterature: Analog Devices, Motorola, Signetics,
Burr Brown, Fairchild Semiconductor, R.C .A., Exar, Silicon General.
GBe
References
1. G.B. Clayton Operational Ampli[iers Butterworth London (1971)
2. G.B. Clayton /!'xperiments with Operational Ampli[iers Macmillan (1975)
Contents
I Measurement Circuits
1.1 Differential Amplifiers for Measurement Applications 2
1.l.l One Amplifier Differential Circuit 2
1.1.2 Further Differential Circuits 4
1.1.3 An Integrated Circuit Instrumentation Amplifier 9
1.2 Modifying the Output Characteristics of an Instrumentation
Amplifier 14
1.2.1 Use of Sense and Reierence Terminals 14
1.3 When is a Differential Measurement Amplifier Required? 17
1.4 Floating Network Measurements 23
1.5 Bridge Read-out Amplifiers 24
1.6 Photo-cell Amplifiers 30
1.6.1 Photo-Voltaic Cell Amplifiers 30
1.6.2 Photo-Diode Amplifier 31
1.6.3 Photo-Conductive Cell Amplifier 31
1.7 Charge Amplifiers 32
1.7.1 Capacitive Transducer Amplitier 34
1.8 Voltage and Current Meter Circuits 39
1.8.1 D.C. Voltage Measurements 40
1.8.2 D.C. Current Measurement 41
1.8.3 A.C. Measurements 44
Exercises 1 46
2 Some Signal Processing Applications 52
2.1 Active Filters Using Operationa1 Amplifiers 52
2.2 Low Pass Active Filters 53
2.3 High Pass Active Filters 59
2.4 Band Pass Active Filters 62
2.4.1 VCVS Band Pass Filter 62
2.4.2 A Negative Inmittance Converter Band Pass Filter 65
2.5 Filter Realisations Using Analogue Computer Techniques 69
viii
2.6 Band Reject Filters 73
2.6.1 Twin 'T' Band Rejections Filters 76
2.6.2 Practical Considerations Governing the Choice of Q 78
2.7 Multipole Filters Different Types of Response 81
2.7.1 Some Filter Designs 82
Exercises 2 89
3 Monolithic Timing and Waveform Generator Devices 91
3.1 Monolithic Timing Circuits 91
3.1.1 The 555 Timer, Free running Operation 91
3.1.2 The 555 Timer, Monostable Operation 96
3.1.3 Sequential Timing 99
3.1.4 Keyed Oscillator 100
3.1.5 Fixed Frequency Variable Duty Cycle Oscillator 101
3.2 Monolithic Waveform Generators 101
3.2.1 The 566 Waveform Generator 101
3.2.2 Single Cycle and Gated Operation of the 566 105
3.2.3 The 566 Used as a Ramp Generator 107
3.2.4 Asymmetrical Waveforms with the 566 107
3.2.5 F.M. Generation with two 566's 109
3.2.6 The Intersill 8038 Waveform Generator 110
3.2.7 Frequency Modulation and Frequen~y Sweeping of the 8038 116
Exercises 3 117
4 Variable Transconductance Devices 119
4.1 The Variable Transconductance of a Bipolar Transistor 119
4.2 Using Variable Transconductance for Gain Contral 120
4.3 Controlled Gain 1.c. Devices 125
4.3.1 Controlled Operational Amplifiers 126
4.3.2 The Gate Controlled, Two Channel, Wide Band Amplifier
type MC 1545 128
4.4 Balanced Modulators 128
4.4.1 The Balanced Modulator type SG 1402 131
4.4.2 The Balanced Modulator type MC 1596 133
4.5 Variable Transconductance Linear Multipliers 136
Exercises 4 142
ix
5 Variable Gain Devices - Practical Considerations 143
5.1 Controlled Operational Amplifiers 143
5.2 The Two ChanneI, Gate controlled Wide Band Amplifier,
type 1545 148
5.2.1 Parameter Measurements for the 1545 Device 148
5.2.2 Applications of the 1545 Device 151
5.3 Modulator Applications 155
5.3.1 Modulation Processes 155
5.3.2 Modulator Circuits 157
Exercises 5 164
6 Four Quadrant Linear Multipliers - Practical Considerations and Applications 165
6.1 Practical Multipliers - Departures from Ideal Behaviour 165
6.1.1 Feedthrough and Offsets 168
6.1.2 Scale Factor and Scale Factor Errors 169
6.1.3 Multiplier Non-Linearity 171
6.1.4 Total D.C. Error 173
6.2 Multiplier Test Circuits 173
6.2.1 Basic Circuit Arrangements 176
6.2.2 Measurement of Input Offsets and Bias Currents 177
6.2.3 Measurement of Non-Lineanty 178
6.2.4 Frequency Response Characteristics 179
6.3 Multiplier Applications 180
6.3.1 Squaring, Dividing, Square Rooting 180
6.3.2 Mean Square and Root Mean Square 185
6.3.3 Power Measurement 188
6.3.4 Automatie Level Control Applications 191
6.3.5 Voltage Controlled Quadrature Oscillator 194
6.3.6 Further Computation Circuits 194
6.3.7 Modulator/Demodulator Applications 202
Exercises 6 207
7 Phase Locked Loops 208
7.1 Phase Locked Loop Building Blocks 208
7.2 The Phase Lock Loop Principle 209
7.3 Measurement of Lock and Capture Range - Display of
Capture Transient 214
x
7.4 Parameters Determining Lock and Capture Range 221
7.4.1 Phase Detector Conversion Gain K d 221
7.4.2 Low Pass Filter and Amplifier 222
7.4.3 YCO Conversion Gain Ko 222
7.5 Dynamic Behaviour of the Locked Loop 224
7.5.1 First Order Loop 227
7.5.2 Second Order Loop 228
7.5.3 Measurement of Dynamic Response 233
7.6 Modifying the Loop Characteristics 236
7.6.1 Reducing the Lock Range of the 565 236
7.6.2 Increasing the ~ock Range of the 565 238
7.7 Phase Locked Loop Applications 239
7.7.1 F .M. Demodulation 240
7.7.2 A.M. Demodulation 241
7.7.3 Phase Modulation 242
7.7.4 Frequency Synthesis 242
7.7.5 Frequency Translation 244
Exercises 7 246
Appendix 248
Answers to Exercises 261
Index 265
