Linear induction accelerators for high-power microwave devices

437 Pages·2018·52.39 MB·English

by  VINTIZENKO

Linear Induction
Accelerators
for High-Power
Microwave Devices
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/ /taylora ndfra ncis.com
Linear Induction
Accelerators
for High-Power
Microwave Devices
Igor Vintizenko
C CRC Press
R
C
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Contents
Introduction ix
1. Principle of operation, construction and parameters
of linear induction accelerators 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Principle of operation and parameters of linear induction
accelerators 4
1.3. Linear induction accelerators with ferromagnetic cores 12
1.3.1. Generators of charge pulses based on capacitive energy
storage devices 13
1.3.2. Induction systems 19
1.3.3. Forming lines 35
1.3.4. Switches of forming lines 46
1.3.5. Electron guns 53
1.3.6. Magnetic systems for retaining the transverse beam
dimensions 59
1.4. ‘Non-iron’ LIAs 73
1.4.1. Inductors based on toroidal circuits 75
1.4.2. Inductors on lines with distributed parameters 79
1.4.3. Energy capabilities of ‘non-iron’ LIAs 83
1.4.4. Design and parameters of ‘non-iron’ LIAs 85
1.5. Linear ferrite accelerators 93
2 Linear induction accelerators of the Tomsk Polytechnic
University 96
2.1. Layout scheme of the LIA 96
2.2. Low-impedance strip forming lines 99
2.3. Switches of forming lines – multichannel dischargers 103
2.4. Schemes of power supply for LIA with multichannel
dischargers 111
2.5. Linear induction accelerators on magnetic elements 120
2.6. Pulse–periodic LIA 4/2 accelerator 123
2.7. Linear induction accelerators on magnetic elements for
relativistic microwave generators 134
2.7.1. Power supply for LIA on magnetic elements 138
2.7.2. Engineering calculations of LIAs on magnetic elements 142
2.7.3. The pulse repetition rate of the LIA on magnetic elements 148
vi Contents
2.8. Modelling the work of LIA 150
2.8.1. Construction of the model and selection of the parameters
of the equivalent circuit 152
2.8.2. Modelling of LIAs on magnetic elements with a relativistic
magnetron 160
2.8.3. Modelling of LIAs with multichannel dischargers 164
3. Relativistic microwave devices with the electron beam
formed by the linear induction accelerator 168
3.1. Undulators and free-electron lasers 169
3.2. Relativistic klystrons 187
3.2.1. Klystron amplifiers and generators 187
3.2.2. KMT-3 relativistic klystron amplifier 189
3.2.3. Dielectric emitter of the injector of the LIA 191
3.2.4. Measurement of the characteristics of the electron beam 198
3.2.5. Relativistic klystron amplifier of the Physics
International Company 203
3.3. Resonant relativistic microwave generators 208
3.3.1. Orotron and gyrotron 208
3.3.2. Relativistic gyrotron and orotron 212
3.4. Triodes and vircator systems 216
3.4.1. Reflex triode 219
3.4.2. Vircator based on a ‘non-iron’ LIA
3.4.3. Hybrid microwave generator based on the vircator +
travelling wave tube (virtode) system 230
3.5. Microwave generator of Cherenkov type 232
3.6. Antenna-amplifier 239
3.6.1. The concept and elements of the antenna-amplifier 240
3.6.2. Calculation of the electrodynamic properties of a waveguide
with a dielectric rod and plasma 243
3.6.3. Generation and transportation of an electron beam in an
antenna amplifier 248
3.6.4. Experimental studies of plasma formation 251
3.6.5. Installation for a demonstration experiment with an
antenna amplifier 253
3.6.6. Demonstration of microwave amplification 256
3.7. Super-reltron 264
4. Relativistic magnetron microwave generators powered by
linear induction accelerators 272
4.1. Relativistic magnetron powered by LIA with
multichannel dischargers 278
4.2. The basic elements of the pulse–periodic relativistic
magnetron 284
Contents vii
4.3. Construction and thermal calculation of the anode block 286
4.3.1. Thermal processes in a relativistic magnetron 289
4.3.2. The construction of the anode block of the relativistic
magnetron 295
4.4. Cathode of a pulse-periodic relativistic magnetron 297
4.5. Magnetic system 302
4.5.1. Calculation of the thermal regime of the magnetic system 304
4.5.2. The design of the magnetic system of the RM 306
4.6. Vacuum system 308
4.7. Relativistic magnetrons powered by LIA on magnetic
elements 311
4.7.1. Scheme and methodology of experimental research 312
4.7.2. Parameters of relativistic magnetrons 314
4.8. Relativistic magnetron of Physics International Company 319
4.8.1. Power source of the Compact LIA 320
4.8.2. Relativistic magnetron in the 30 cm range 322
4.9. Comparison of the specific characteristics of relativistic
microwave devices 326
5. Generators of microsecond pulses 334
5.1. Design and elements of microsecond pulse generators 335
5.1.1. High-voltage unit 336
5.1.2. Calculation of the high-voltage unit 339
5.2. Power source 349
5.2.1. Thyristor pulse generator 351
5.2.2. Oscillating charging device 353
5.2.3. Primary capacitive energy storage 357
5.2.4. Control systems of the power source 358
5.3. High-voltage insulator 359
5.4. High-voltage transformer 363
5.5. Calculation of currents in GMP elements and selection of
the cross-section of windings 365
5.6. Thermal calculation of GMP elements 372
5.6.1. Calculation of energy losses in magnetic systems
of GMP elements 374
5.6.2. Calculation of ohmic energy losses in the windings of
GMP elements 375
5.6.3. Calculation of energy losses in capacitors 378
5.7. Computer modelling of the GMP 380
5.7.1 . Equivalent schemes of elements in GMP 380
5.7.2. Computer model of GMP 399
5.7.3. Results of computer modelling 405
5.8. Formation of voltage pulses of special shape 409
Index 417
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Introduction
The monograph presents the analysis of the published works
and the results of the studies conducted at the Tomsk Polytechnic
University (TPU) during the period since the beginning of 80's of last
century till present time. The studies are united by the theme of the
application of linear induction accelerators (LIAs) for the generation
and amplifying of microwave radiation by relativistic devices.
The possibility of designing the relativistic microwave devices
with enhanced power arose at the end of 60's because of the
emergence of high-current nanosecond electron accelerators which
form electron beams with the energy of 0.5–2 MeV and a current
of 1–100 kA. Electron beams with the indicated characteristics are
used in different areas of science and technology: for heating of
plasma to the thermonuclear temperature, developing new methods
of collective acceleration of ions, the study of phase transformations
in solid bodies and the properties of materials, and also for the
generation and amplification of high-power electromagnetic radiation.
The formation of relativistic electron beams is accomplished by
this accelerator with the discharge of the forming line at a high-
voltage diode. The charging of the forming lines originates from the
pulse voltage generators, which have significant overall sizes, low
efficiency and a single operating mode. Further, the problem of the
electric strength of elements of generators with respect to the total
accelerating voltage leads to the complication of installation and
increase in their weight and dimension characteristics by the growth
in the acceleration energy.
In the monograph LIAs utilized as power supples of the devices
of relativistic high-frequency electronics are described. This branch
of electronics is dedicated to the use of high-current relativistic
electron beams for the amplification, generation and conversion of
electromagnetic oscillation. Relativistic effects appear, as a rule, in
velocities of the electrons, commensurate with the speed of light, i.e.
with sufficiently high values of accelerating voltage.