Table Of ContentSport and Exercise
Biomechanics
ii Section K – Lipid metabolism
BIOS INSTANT NOTES
Series Editor: B. D. Hames, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Sport & Exercise Biomechanics
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Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner, Dept of Psychology, University of Central
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Cognitive Psychology
Physiological Psychology
Psychology
Sport & Exercise Psychology
Sport and Exercise
Biomechanics
P. Grimshaw
School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia,
Adelaide, Australia
A. Lees
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences,
John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
N. Fowler
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
A. Burden
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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First published 2007
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A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Grimshaw, P. (Paul), 1961-
Sport and exercise biomechanics / P. Grimshaw ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-85996-284-X (alk. paper)
1. Human mechanics. 2. Biomechanics. 3. Sports--Physiological aspects.
4. Exercise--Physiological aspects. I. Title.
QP303.G755 2006
612.7'6--dc22
2006019517
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C
ONTENTS
Preface vii
Section A – Kinematics of motion
A1 Anatomical descriptors of motion 1
A2 Mechanical descriptors of linear motion 11
A3 Mechanical descriptors of angular motion 22
A4 The relationship between linear and angular motion 30
A5 Graphical presentation of kinematic data – 38
numerical differentiation
A6 Graphical presentation of kinematic data – 45
numerical integration
A7 Uniformly accelerated and projectile motion 49
Section B – Kinetics of linear motion
B1 Forces 59
B2 Newton’s laws of motion – linear motion 69
B3 The impulse–momentum relationship 81
B4 Conservation of linear momentum 90
B5 Gravity, weight, and vertical projection 97
B6 Friction 106
Section C – Kinetics of angular motion
C1 Torque and the moment of force 115
C2 Newton’s laws of motion – angular motion 124
C3 Moment of inertia and the conservation of angular 136
momentum
C4 Center of gravity and center of mass 148
C5 Equilibrium, balance, and stability 156
C6 Levers 164
C7 Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration 174
C8 The estimation of muscle and joint forces – 180
static application
C9 The estimation of muscle and joint forces – simple 200
dynamic applications
Section D – Special topics
D1 Work, power, and energy 211
D2 The conservation of energy 218
D3 The mechanical characteristics of materials 223
D4 Impacts 228
D5 Oblique impacts 233
D6 Forces in a uid 238
Section E – Applications
E1 Biomechanical characteristics of walking 247
E2 Biomechanical characteristics of running 254
E3 Biomechanics of jumping 261
E4 Mechanical characteristics of throwing 267
vi Contents
E5 Propulsion through a uid 272
E6 Mechanisms of injury 281
I Patellofemoral syndrome during running 281
II Anterior cruciate ligament rupture in soccer 285
III Low back pain in golf 289
IV Shoulder pain during swimming 291
Section F – Measurement techniques
F1 Video analysis 295
F2 Optoelectronic motion analysis 306
F3 Data smoothing 312
F4 Accelerometers and other motion measuring devices 317
F5 Force plate 324
F6 Pressure measurement 333
F7 Electromyography 337
F8 Isokinetic dynamometry 347
F9 Anthropometry, biomechanics, and sports 352
equipment design
Appendices
I Free body diagrams 365
II Sampling theorem 367
III Maths revision: algebraic manipulation 370
IV Maths revision: trigonometry 378
Index 383
P
REFACE
Over 2 years ago I was approached by Neil Messenger from Leeds University,
UK who asked about my interest in being involved in a project to develop a book
that provided a series of Instant Notes for Sport and Exercise Biomechanics.
While the concept was not new to the traditional science areas it was certainly
unique to the subject area of sport and exercise biomechanics. The thought of
developing a text that could be used by both students and teachers alike was
appealing and challenging. The text that is nally presented is essential for stu-
dents in that it covers the fundamental areas of study in such a way that can be
used in application or be expanded and developed at a higher research level. For
the teacher it provides one single resource to plan and prepare more detailed lec-
ture, laboratory and tutorial classes.
I wish to take this opportunity to thank Neil for his initial invitation, to say
that I understand why he was not able to continue with it and nally to thank
the other three authors (Adrian Lees, Neil Fowler and Adrian Burden) who
helped to achieve its conclusion.
Paul Grimshaw
Section A – Kinematics of motion
A1 A
NATOMICAL DESCRIPTORS OF
MOTION
Key Notes
Descriptions Super cial (close to surface), deep (away from surface), anterior (front),
of motion posterior (rear), medial (near mid-line), lateral (away from mid-line),
superior (relative highest position), inferior (relative lowest position),
proximal (near point of attachment to body), distal (furthest away from
body attachment).
Joint Abduction (take away from mid-line), adduction (bring towards mid-line)
movement patterns internal–external rotation (lower leg inward and outward rotation about
long axis), plantar- and dorsi exion (pointing toes or bringing toes
towards the shin), extension and exion (straightening or bringing
segments closer together), hyper-extension (excessive extension).
Ankle joint Inversion and eversion (heel rolling outwards or inwards), pronation
movement (complex tri-planar movement in foot involving eversion, abduction and
dorsi exion), supination (tri-planar movement in foot involving
inversion, adduction and plantar- exion).
Speci c joint Valgus (lower limb segment rotated about anterior–posterior axis through
movement knee away from mid-line of body), varus (as for valgus but rotation
towards mid-line), horizontal abduction and adduction (arm held out in
front in transverse plane and then abducted or adducted), circumduction
(rotation of a part or segment in a circular manner).
General terms Parallel (equidistant and never intersecting), degrees of freedom (method
used to describe movement or position), diagonal plane (a at surface
that is slanted), tension (to stretch or pull apart), compression (to squeeze
together), elevate and depress (to raise up or push down).
Origin (starting or beginning point), insertion (anatomical origin),
coordinate/s (a number or set of numbers corresponding to a system of
reference), plane (a at surface), perpendicular (at 90∞).
Translate (change in position but without rotation), drawer (anatomical
translation), anterior-drawer (drawer in an anatomical direction), rotate
(move through an angle), vertical and horizontal (in a two-dimensional
space usually upwards (in the y direction) and along (in the x direction)).
Coordinates Abscissa (often the x axis), ordinate (often the y axis), intersect (cross each
other).
Planes and Anatomical position (facing forwards, arms by side, feet forwards and
axes of motion parallel, palms forward and ngers extended), cardinal plane (plane
passing through center of mass), sagittal plane (divides body or part into
left and right portions), transverse axis (perpendicular to sagittal plane),
