Table Of ContentLimnology of Mountain Lakes
Developments in Hydrobiology 93
Series editor
H. J. Dumont
Limnology of Mountain Lakes
Edited by
J. Fott
Reprinted trom Hydrobiologia, vol. 274 (1994)
Springer-Science+Business Media, BV.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Limnology of mountain lakes I edited by J. Fott.
p. cm. -- <Developments In hydroblology ; v. 93)
Papers presented at a symposium held at Stari Lesni, Slovakia in
Ju 1y 1991.
ISBN 978-90-481-4351-1 ISBN 978-94-017-2095-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3
1. Aquatlc organlsms--Effect of water pollution on--Congresses.
2. Acid pollution of ,rlvers, lakes, etc.--Congresses. 3. Lake
ecology--Congresses. I. Fott, J. (Jan) II. Serles, Developments
in hydrobiology ; 93.
QH545.W3L55 1994
574.5'26322--dc20 93-44968
CIP
ISBN 978-90-481-4351-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
v
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Vll
Organizing Committee, List of participants ............................................ Vlll
Diatoms, lake acidification and the Surface Water Acidification Programme (SWAP): a review
by R.W. Battarbee ............................................................ 1
Lipid storage in Diaptomus kenai (Copepoda; Calanoida): effects of inter-and intraspecific variation
in food quality
by N.M. Butler ............................................................... 9
Nitrogen in the Pyrenean lakes (Spain)
by J. Catalan, L. Camarero, E. Garcia, E. Ballesteros & M. Felip .................... 17
Plankton dynamics in a high mountain lake (Las Yeguas, Sierra Nevada, Spain). Indirect evidence
of ciliates as food source for zooplankton
by L. Cruz-Pizarro, I. Reche & P. Carillo ........................................ 29
Acidification of lakes in Sumava (Bohemia) and in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)
by J. Fott, M. Prazakova, E. Stuchlik & Z. Stuchlikova ............................ 37
Chemie al characteristics of lakes in the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia
by J. Kopacek & E. Stuchlik ................................................... 49
Paleolimnological records of carotenoids and carbonaceous particles in sediments of some lakes
in Southern Alps
by A. Lami, A. Marchetto, P. Guillizzoni, A. Giorgis & J. Masaferro ................. 57
Algal flora of lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)
by J. Lukavsky ............................................................... 65
Acidification and weathering processes in high mountain lakes in Southern Alps
by A. Marchetto, A. Barbieri, R. Mosello & G.A. Tartari ........................... 75
Reconstruction of pH by chrysophycean scales in some lakes of the Southern Alps
by A. Marchetto & A. Lami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
A survey on water chemistry and plankton in high mountain lakes in northern Swedish Lapland
by A. Nauwerck .............................................................. 91
Cyclops scutifer SARS in Lake Latnjajaure, Swedish Lapland
by A. Nauwerck .............................................................. 101
Comparison of diatom communities in remote high-mountain lakes using index Band cluster
analysis
by P. Niederhauser & F. Schanz ................................................ 115
Zooplankton decline in the Cerne Lake (Sumava Mountains, Bohemia) as reflected in the
stratification of cladoceran remains in the sediment
by M. Prazakova & J. Fott .................................................... 121
Characterization of carbonaceous particles from lake sediments
by N. Rose .................................................................. 127
Autotrophie picoplankton community dynamics in apre-alpine lake in British Columbia, Canada
by J.G. Stockner & K.S. Shortreed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
VI
Chemie al properties of an aeidified humie headwater lake with respect to redueing acidic depositions
and expected climatc change
by H. Thies .................................................................. 143
Limnologieal research on northern Apennine lakes (ltaly) in relation to eutrophication and
aeidification risk
by P. Viaroli, I. Ferrari, G. Paris, G. Rossetti & P. Menozzi ........................ 155
The effect of anthropogenie acidification on the hydrofauna of the lakes of the West Tatra
Mountains (Slovakia) _
by M. Vranovsky, I. Krno, F. Sporka & J. Tomajka ............................... 163
Chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship in aeidified lakes of the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)
by V. Vyhnalek, J. Fott & J. Kopacek ........................................... 171
Acidification of small mountain lakes in the High Tatra Mountains, Poland
by K. Wojtan & J. Galas ...................................................... 179
Hydrobiologia 274, 1994.
J. Fott (ed.). Limnology of Mountaill Lakes. VB
Preface
This volume contains papers presented either in oral or poster form at the international symposium
Limnology of Mountain Lakes, which was held at Stad. Lesna (Slovakia) between 1 and 7 luly 1991.
The idea of convening a conference on mountain lakes originated two years befare among limnologists
at the Department of Hydrobiology, Charles University, Prague. After having accomplished a decade of
extensive studies on lakes in the Sumava Mountains and in the High Tatras, they were looking for a way
to extend international scientific contacts in the field of mountain lake limnology and present the results
of their work. The most pleasant and effective way to reach the desired goal was to organize a conference
at a place close to lakes under study.
The site chosen was Stara Lesna, a small tourist center situated near the southern bord er of the Tatra
National Park. The choice was partially influenced by the success of another conference organized in
the Tatras by Vladimir Kofinek in 1989 (V. Kofinek & D.G. Frey (eds), Biology of Cladocera
[Developments in Hydrobiology 71]. Hydrobiologia 225, 1991).
The programme included one day of excursions to mountain lakes. Altogether five trips of varying
difficulty were scheduled - from achallenging hike with an overnight stay in a chalet above 2000 m, to
a comfortable walk to small dystrophic forest lakes, guided by the editor of this volume. A closing bus
excursion was held to the Spisska Magura and Pieniny mountains, and included rafting on the whitewater
rapids of the Dunajec river.
The symposium was open to presentations from all aspects of limnology of mountain lakes. 53
participants from 13 countries presented 28 papers and 18 posters. In the two introductory lectures on
lakes in the host country, 1a n Fott and Evzen Stuchlik gave information concerning lakes in the Sumava
(Bohemia) and in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). The following oral presentations and poster
sessions were contributions from the fields of physical and chemie al limnology, palaeolimnology,
zooplankton, phytoplankton and phytobenthos, and bacteria. Acidification, a proeess affecting water
chemistry and biota of many mountain lakes in Europe, was dealt with in several papers, and one of the
field trips was directed primarily to lakes influenced by this kind of ecological stress. Aseries of papers
on the lakes in Sumava has highlighted different aspects of these lakes, which are in the last stage of
acidification. Other geographical areas covered extensively were the Tatras and the Alps. Professor Agnes
Ruttner-Kolisko, who regrettably passed away a few months afterwards, presented a contribution to
ecology of "Almtümpel" in the Lunz mountain region.
A working group discussing a possible continuation of the AL: PE programme (Acidifieation of
mountain lakes: palaeolimnology and ecology) met on one of the evenings under the chairmanship of
Bente M. Wathne and Richard W. Battarbee. Two other evenings were spent in a more relaxed spirit
in the folk-style "Zbojnicka koliba Inn" and on the "Bears' meadow". Although no deeision was made
regarding a similar meeting in the future, an initiative leading to the "Limnology of Mountain Lakes 11"
conference would be highly appreeiated.
The manuscripts offered for publication in this volume were screened and reviewed in the usual way
far the acceptance of scientific papers for print. Three colleagues from overseas were forced to cancel
their participanee at the last moment due to insufficient funding. One ofthem, lohn G. Stoekner, asked
me for the possibility to publish the manuscript he had prepared for our conference, to which I agreed
with pleasure. I wish to express my gratitude to David Hardekopf and Dale Osborne, who revised the
English of manuscripts when necessary.
lAN FOTT
Editor
Hydrobiologia 274, 1994.
Vlll J. Folt (ed.), Limnology 0/ Mountain Lakes.
Organizing committee
Chairman: 1 an F oU
Secretary: Evzen Stuchlik
Members: Michal Pop, Zuzana Stuchlikova, 1 aroslava Dargocka, Petra Kneslova
Logistical arrangements: litka Daumova (Tatratour Travel Agency)
Sponsored by the Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague. Lectures and poster exhibitions were
held at the hotel HORIZONT, Stara Lesna
List of participants
ALEKSEEV v., Moscow, USSR LAMI A., Verbania Pallanza, Italy
AMBLARD C. A., Aubiere, France LUKAVSKY J., Tfebon, Czechoslovakia
BATTARBEE R. w., London, UK MARcHETTo A., Verbania Pallanza, Italy
BLAZKA P., Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia MENOZZI P., Parma, Italy
BOURDlER G., Aubiere, France MORALEs-BAQuERO R., Granada, Spain
BUTLER N. M., Ann Arbor, USA MOSELLO R., Verbania Pallanza, Italy
CAMARERO L., Barcelona, Spain NAUWERCK A., Mondsee, Austria
CATALAN J., Barcelona, Spain NIEDERHAUSER P., Kilchberg, Switzerland
CRUZ-PIZARRO L., Granada, Spain PERNEGGER L., Innsbruck, Austria
DARGOCKA J., Prague, Czechoslovakia POP M., Prague, Czechoslovakia
DUIGAN C. A., Aberystwyth, UK PRAZAKovA M., Prague, Czechoslovakia
FELlP M., Barcelona, Spain PRCHALovA M., Kasperske Hory, Czechoslovakia
FIKS B., Leningrad, USSR PSENNER R., Innsbruck, Austria
FJELLHEIM A., Bergen, Norway REHAKovA Z., Prague, Czechoslovakia
FOTT J., Prague, Czechoslovakia ROSE N., London, UK
GACIA E., Barcelona, Spain RUTTNER-KoLlSKO A., Lunz am See, Austria
GALAS J., Cracov, Po land SCHMIDT R., Mondsee, Austria
GEE J. H. R., Aberystwyth, UK SPORKA F., Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
GRODZINSKA-JURCZAK M., Cracov, Poland STRASKRABOV A V., Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia
HAl.VORSEN G., Oslo, Norway STUCHLiK E., Prague, Czechoslovakia
HOUK V., Prague, Czechoslovakia STUCHLiKOV A Z., Prague, Czechoslovakia
KNESLovA P., Prague, Czechoslovakia THIES H., Freiburg, Germany
KocAREK E., Prague, Czechoslovakia VESEL Y J., Prague, Czechoslovakia
KopAcEK J., Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia VRANOVSKY M., Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
KOT M., Zakopane, Poland VYHNALEK V., Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia
KOTO V S., Leningrad, USSR WATHNE B. M., Korsvoll, Norway
KRAMER J. R., Hamilton, Canada
Hydrobiologia 274: 1-7, 1994.
J. Fott (ed.), Limnology of Mountain Lakes.
© 1994 Kluwer Academic Puhlishers.
Diatoms, lake acidification and the Surface Water Acidification
Programme (SW AP): a review
Richard W. Battarbee
Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, 26 Bedford Way,
London WCIH OAP, UK
Key words: lake acidification, diatoms, palaeolimnology, weighted averaging, database, quality control
Abstract
The Surface Water Acidification Programme (SWAP) was set up as collaborative research project in
volving scientists from Norway, Sweden and the UK. Its aim was to evaluate the factors responsible
for fish decline in acid streams and lakes. A substantial sub-project was concerned with the palaeolim
nological evidence for acidification and its causes. The central technique used was diatom analysis. In
order to harmonise methodology between the seven diatomists from four laboratories in three countries
a programme of taxonomic quality control was organised, involving slide exchanges, 'blind' counting,
and regular workshops. In addition a calibration data-set of surface sediment diatoms and water
chemistry from 170 lakes was constructed and archived on DISCO, the UCL diatom database. This
data-set was used to generate diatom-chemistry transfer functions for pR, DOC and total Al using a
weighted averaging technique. Application of the pR transfer function to sediment cores from a range
of lakes demonstrated a dose-response relationship between lake sensitivity to acidification (as repre
sented by mean Ca2 + values) and acid deposition (g S m -2 yr - 1), indicating the overwhelming impor
tance of acid deposition as the cause of lake acidification.
Introduction The results of both the full project and the
palaeolimnology sub-project have been recently
The Surface Water Acidification Programme published (Mason, 1990; Battarbee et al., 1990).
(SWA P) was launched in 1983 by the Royal So This paper summarises the results of the palae
ciety of London, the Norwegian Academy of Sci olimnology sub-project, especially those aspects
ence and Letters and the Royal Swedish Acad concerned with the use of diatoms.
emy of Science. It was designed primarily to
evaluate the factors responsible for fishery decline
in Norway, Sweden and UK. One of the main Harmonising diatom taxonomy
components of the research was an integrated
palaeolimnology project which aimed to compare Because of the central role of diatom analysis in
lakes and their catchments in areas of high and reconstructing the history of lake water chemis
low acid deposition, and which sought to evalu try, especially pR, considerable effort was com
ate the various hypotheses for the cause of sur mitted to achieving a consistent approach to dia
face water acidification. tom taxonomy between the four main laboratories
2
in the project. In addition, an attempt was made water chemistry and catchment descriptions were
to standardise methodology with that used for made from approximately 170 lakes sites. In ad
lake acidification studies in North America by dition diatom analyses of core sediments were
including J ohn Kingston from the PIRLA project carried out for approximately 20 sites. All diatom
(Charles & Whitehead, 1986; Kingston, 1986) in and environmental data were entered on the dia
the SWAP workshops. tom database (DISCO) at University College
Several aspects of taxonomy were of concern: London as described by Munro et al. (1990). The
avoiding mistakes, using agreed nomenclature, database uses the commercial programme
using internally consistent concepts for the split ORACLE. It contains a coded version of the
ting and amalgamation of taxa, and using agreed British Diatom Checklist and a code dictionary of
protocols for the inclusion and description ofun all taxa used and agreed to in the SWA P pro
known taxa. The details of the scheme are pre gramme, including unknowns. The database was
sented by Kreiser & Battarbee (1988). used to calculate percentages, to make agreed
To achieve these objectives, slides containing amalgamations of taxa (e.g. Achnanthes minutis
problem or representative taxa were circulated sima and A. microcephala were kept separate in
between laboratories. Diatoms on these slides counts but amalgamated for pH reconstruction),
were identified and counted according to agreed and to provide a list of the more frequently oc
procedures and the results of these 'blind' counts curring taxa, defined for statistical purposes as
were compared at regular workshops. Figure 1a those present in at least two of the sampies and
shows the differences in taxonomic usage before having a frequency of more than 1 % in at least
the first workshop. For many taxa, e.g. Frustulia one sampie. In addition all the aggregate taxo
rhomboides v. saxonica, Navicula heimansii, Pero nomic groups to genus level and above (e.g. Nav
nia fibula, there were very close agreements be icula spp.) were deleted before combining with
tween the laboratories. For others the differences water chemistry data for statistical analysis and
were either due to accurate identification but use the derivation of calibration equations.
of different names, e.g. Anomoeoneis exilisj
A. vitrea, inconsistent use of varietal status e.g.
A. exilisjA. exilis v. lanceolata, or mistakes e.g. Diatom - water chemistry training set
Eunotia alpinajE. lunaris. The modified diagram
(Fig. 1b ), constructed after the first workshop not A major advance in palaeolimnology in the last
only shows how these differences were resolved decade has been the development of quantitative
but also shows the result of using an agreed no techniques to relate diatom distributions to
menclatural checklist, in this case the Checklist of environment al gradients and the use of such re
British Diatoms (Hartley, 1986; Williams et al., lationships to generate calibration equations for
1988). In some cases all four laboratories cor environment al reconstruction (Huttunen & Mer
rectly identified the taxon and used the same name iläinen, 1986; Charles, 1985; Birks, 1987). The
but this was not consistent with the checklist power of such equations depends essentially on
name. The name was consequently changed ac the quality of the modern training set. In SWA P
cording to the checklist, e.g. Navicula the training-set consisted of diatom, water chem
heimansii = N. leptostriata, Eunotia veneris = E. in istry and site information from 170 lakes cover
eisa. ing southern Norway, southern Sweden and up
land Britain. The chemical data-set is an
amalgamation of sub-sets from different regions
DISCO - the diatom database and laboratories and not all determinands were
measured at all sites.
During the SWAP programme diatom analyses Consequently chemical data were carefully
of surface sediments and associated analyses of screened and harmonised before combining with
