Lightweight materials from biopolymers and biofibers

295 Pages·2014·14.083 MB·English

by  Xu, Helan, Yang, Yiqi, Yu, Xin

Lightweight Materials from
Biopolymers and Biofibers

In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
1175
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Lightweight Materials from
Biopolymers and Biofibers
Yiqi Yang, Editor
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln, Nebraska
Helan Xu, Editor
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln, Nebraska
Xin Yu, Editor
Zhejiang Fashion Institute of Technology
Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
Sponsored by the
ACSDivisionofCelluloseandRenewableMaterials

AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC
DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Lightweightmaterialsfrombiopolymersandbiofibers/YiqiYang,editor,Universityof
Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,Nebraska,HelanXu,editor,UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,
Lincoln,Nebraska,XinYu,editor,ZhejiangFashionInstituteofTechnology,Ningbo,
ZhejiangProvince,China;sponsoredbytheACSDivisionofCelluloseandRenewable
Materials.
pagescm.-- (ACSsymposiumseries;1175)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-8412-2990-7(alk.paper)
1. Lightweightmaterials.2. Biopolymers.3. Fibers. I.Yang,Yiqi,editor.II.Xu,Helan,
editor.III.Yu,Xin(Materialsresearcher)IV.AmericanChemicalSociety.Cellulose
andRenewableMaterialsDivision.
TA418.9.L53L542014
620.1′92--dc23
2014039655
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In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
Foreword
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In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
Preface
Weight reduction in industrial products has been a well-received concept
for quite some time. Recently, lightweight materials have become increasingly
important in product design because they are capable of remarkably reducing
material and energy consumption, carbon emission, and waste generation. As
such, lightweight materials are used in a variety of industries, from automotive
and construction to biomaterials. Currently, an overwhelming amount of
lightweight materials are fabricated from plastics produced from fossil fuel.
However, thesoaringpricesofcurrentpetro-productsanddepletionofcrudeoil
hasbeendrivingsubstitutionofpetroleum-derivedmaterialswithrenewableand
sustainablesubstrates.
Biopolymersfromrenewableresourcescouldbepotentialrawmaterialsused
to develop lightweight materials. Biopolymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates,
and biosynthetic polymers, come from living organisms, including plants,
animals and bacteria. Production of biopolymers substantially reduces energy
consumption and carbon emission when compared with the production of
petroleum-derivedpolymers. Thefutureofmaterialindustriesliesindeveloping
lightweightmaterialsmadefromrenewableresources.
This book intends to present state-of-the-art research and technologies for
design,construction,andapplicationsoflightweightmaterialsfrombiopolymers
andbiofibers. Thoughitisnotpossibletoentirelycapturethetremendouslength
andbreadthofadvancementsinallrelevantdisciplines,wehaveputforthserious
efforttodoso,andtosynergisticallyanalyzethestatusandfutureoflightweight
materialsandbio-basedpolymers.
Thiscollectionofchapters,eachonecontributedbyinternationallyrecognized
experts in their relevant fields, presents comprehensive coverage of the major
aspects of lightweight materials. The first section of the book synergistically
reviewsthedevelopmentofbiopolymersandthemanipulationofbiopolymersinto
fibrousstructuresviadiverseapproaches. Thesecondsectionmainlysummarizes
requirementsforspecificapplicationsofbio-basedlightweightmaterialsinareas
of constructions, logistics, medicine, and wastewater treatments, etc. Particular
emphasis has been placed on recent advances and imminent perspectives
pertaining to the development of lightweight materials, with recognition of the
recentachievementsinthisgrowingfield.
ix
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
Yiqi Yang
[email protected](e-mail)
DepartmentofTextiles,MerchandisingandFashionDesign
DepartmentofBiologicalSystemsEngineering
NebraskaCenterforMaterialsandNanoscience
234,HECOBuilding
UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln,Nebraska68583-0802,UnitedStates
Helan Xu
[email protected](e-mail)
DepartmentofTextiles,MerchandisingandFashionDesign
234,HECOBuilding
UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln,Nebraska68583-0802,UnitedStates
Xin Yu
[email protected](e-mail)
InternationalSchool
ZhejingFashionInstituteofTechnology
495FenghuaRd.,ZhenhaiDistrict
Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

x
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
Editors’ Biographies
Yiqi Yang
Dr. Yiqi Yang received his Ph.D. in 1991 from Purdue University after
receiving his undergraduate and master’s degrees from Donghua University. As
a textile chemical engineer, he is a distinguished professor at the University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, a state specially recruited expert of China, and a Changjiang
Scholar Lecture Professor at Jiangnan University. Dr. Yang’s research interests
areingreenpolymersandmaterials, biotextileengineering, andfiberandtextile
chemistry. Examplesofhisresearchincludedevelopmentofnewlignocellulosic,
protein and synthetic fibers from agricultural wastes and byproducts, and
application of green materials in textile, composite, and medical industries. Dr.
Yang has extensive experience in fiber and textile productions, and has close
relationshipswithinternationalfiberandtextileindustries.
Helan Xu
Dr. Helan Xu received her Ph.D. in 2014 from University of Nebraska-
Lincolnafterreceivingherundergraduateandmaster’sdegreesintextilescience
andengineeringfromDonghuaUniversity. Shehasbeenworkingontextileand
medicalapplicationsofagriculturalbyproductsandwastes. Herresearchprojects
include developing textile fibers and 3D ultrafine fibrous tissue engineering
scaffoldsfromproteinsderivedfromagriculturalbyproductsandwastes,protein
nanoparticles for biomedical and industrial applications, and biodegradable
lightweight composites from renewable agricultural byproducts. Dr. Xu has
published 25 SCI journal papers, including nine first-authored papers, and has
writtenoneACSbookchapter.

Xin Yu
Ms. XinYu,adoublemaster’sdegreeholder,graduatedfromEcoleNationale
Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT) in France and Donghua
University in China, and majored in textile engineering, textile technology,
and advanced materials. She has worked in the Australian nationwide research
organization Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO) and the division of Materials Science and Engineering (CMSE).
Currently, Ms. Yu is a lecturer at the International School of Zhejiang Fashion
InstituteofTechnologyinChina. Herresearchinterestsincludetextiletechnology,
textilematerialsscience,bioengineering,andfunctionaltextiles.
©2014AmericanChemicalSociety
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
Chapter 1
Lightweight Materials from
Biofibers and Biopolymers
Danning Zhang*,1,2,3
1DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,UniversityofDelaware,
Newark,Delaware19716,UnitedStates
2CenterforCompositeMaterials,UniversityofDelaware,
Newark,Delaware19716,UnitedStates
3Currentaddress: 201CompositesManufacturingLaboratory,
UniversityofDelaware,Newark,Delaware19716,UnitedStates
*E-mail: [email protected]
Materialsfromnaturalresourcesaredrawinggrowingattention
in the last two decades due to the growing environmental
threat and uncertainty of petroleum supply. Both academia
and industries have contributed great efforts on developing
lightweight materials from natural resources. This chapter
briefly introduces the recent development of biofibers,
biopolymers and biocomposites. Technologies, processing
methods and properties optimization on these materials are

included. The performance of light weight biocomposites are
investigated including static mechanical properties, long term
stabilityandfunctionalproperties. Widerangeapplicationsand
futuredevelopmentofbiobasedmaterialsarediscussed.
©2014AmericanChemicalSociety
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
Introduction
The growing concern of the non-renewability of petroleum resources
and environmental issues results in an increasing interest in developing novel
bio-based materials from renewable agricultural and natural resources. There
are many advantages that bio-based materials have over the traditional ones, for
example,therenewability,recyclability,sustainability,triggeredbiodegradability
andlowcost. Theseadvantagesmaketheimportanceofthebio-basedmaterials
considering the growing environmental threat and uncertainty of petroleum
supply. Great efforts have been made to develop lightweight materials from
abundant natural resources and agricultural byproducts, including biofibers,
biopolymersandbiocomposites. Technologies,processingmethodsandproperties
optimization on these materials are discussed in this chapter. The following
sections are organized as follows: we start with the introduction of biofibers
including types, chemical compositions, and properties. We subsequently
discussed typical biopolymers from plant oil, proteins, starch and etc. Lastly,
processingmethods,performanceandapplicationsofbiocompositesarereviewed.
Biofibers
Naturalcellulosefiberssuchascotton, jute, andflax, andproteinfiberslike
wool and silk have been widely used for textiles and ropes for thousand years.
Astheworldpopulationincreases,thereisatrendfortextileandotherindustries
tosearchnewfibersfromabundantnaturalresourcesandagriculturebyproducts
to compete with major traditional fibers in terms of land dependency, cost and
availability.
Bio-CelluloseFibers
Bio-cellulosefibersfromplantresourcesarethemajorbiofibersstudied. With
the large variety of plant species, thousands of different cellulose fibers may be
produced. Jute, flax, hemp, sisal, kenaf, ramie are common biofibers that were

studiedextensivelyandappliedinindustries. Abaca,oilpalm,sugarcanebagasse,
bamboo,pineappleleaf,coir,datepalmleaf,curaua,ricestraw,wheatstrawand
cornhuskfibersaredrawingmoreattentionandalsobeinginvestigatedduetotheir
lowcost,wideavailabilityandspecificproperties.
ClassificationandChemicalCompositions
Basedontheoriginsofthebio-cellulosefibers,theycanbeclassifiedintobast,
leaf,fruit,andstalkfibers,asseeninTableIwiththecorrespondingfibers.
2
In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;