Lightweight Ballistic Composites for Military and Law-enforcement Applications

444 Pages·2006·1.36 MB·English

by  Anil Bhatnagar

240 x 159 /Pantone Reflex Blue & 512 C 28mm
Ballistic composites need to be lightweight and durable as well as exhibiting L
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high impact resistance and damage tolerance. This important book reviews these g
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requirements, how the materials used for ballistic composites meet them and
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their range of applications. w
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After an introductory chapter, Lightweight ballistic composites is split into two g
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main sections. The first part of the book explores material requirements and
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testing. There are chapters on bullets and bullet fragments, material responses b
to ballistic impact, standards and specifications, modelling and test methods. a
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Part II reviews the range of materials used, production methods and applications. l
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Topics discussed include high-performance ballistic fibres and ceramics, non- t
woven ballistic and prepreg composites, and their uses in body armor, vehicle and ic

aircraft protection. c
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This major new book is the first of its kind to give a comprehensive review
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of the current use of lightweight ballistic composites in both military and law- o
enforcement applications. It will be an invaluable reference for all those involved s
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in personnel and vehicle protection in defence and police forces around the t ballistic
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world. s
Dr Ashok Bhatnagar has been involved in research, teaching and manufacture composites
related to lightweight composite materials for more than 30 years. Since 1985
he has worked in the Advanced Fibers and Materials Division of Honeywell
International, one of the leading companies in the field of ballistic composites. He
has published a number of technical papers and holds a number of patents.
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Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing h
on behalf of a
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The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining n
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g
a
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Woodhead Publishing Ltd CRC Press LLC Edited by Ashok Bhatnagar
Abington Hall 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Abington Suite 300
Cambridge CB1 6AH Boca Raton
England FL 33487
www.woodheadpublishing.com USA
ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-941-3 CRC order number WP9119
ISBN-10: 1-85573-941-0 ISBN-10: 0-8493-9119-9
m3
I
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
Lightweight ballistic composites
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Lightweight ballistic
composites
Military and law-enforcement applications
Edited by
Ashok Bhatnagar
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing
on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
WoodheadPublishingLimitedandManeyPublishingLimitedonbehalfof
TheInstituteofMaterials,Minerals&Mining
PublishedbyWoodheadPublishingLimited,AbingtonHall,Abington,
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(cid:223)WoodheadPublishingLimited,2006
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This book is dedicated to all the law-enforcement and military
personnel who put their lives at risk on a daily basis to save
civilian lives.

Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
1 Introduction 1
L WAGNER, Honeywell International Inc., USA
1.1 History 1
1.2 Ballistic fibers 2
1.3 Fiber-reinforced ballistic armor 5
1.4 Woven ballistic materials 5
1.5 Non-woven lightweight armor materials 7
1.6 Prepregs and coatings 8
1.7 Hard and soft armor 8
1.8 Ceramic-faced lightweight composite armor 11
1.9 Fabrication processes 12
1.10 Testing of ballistic materials 13
1.11 Ballistic threats 14
1.12 Design of ballistic products 15
1.13 Specifications and standards 16
1.14 Numerical modeling of armor 17
1.15 Applications 18
1.16 Vehicle armor 20
1.17 Future growth of fiber-reinforced armor 21
1.18 Raw materials suppliers–converter partnership 22
1.19 Rapid growth of armor materials 22
1.20 Integration and mergers of the armor industry 23
1.21 Bibliography 24
viii Contents
PartI Materialrequirementsandtesting
2 Bullets,fragmentsandbulletdeformation 29
A BHATNAGAR, Honeywell International Inc., USA
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Handguns and rifles 29
2.3 Handgun bullets 30
2.4 Fragments 32
2.5 Small arms bullets 35
2.6 Projectile firing 49
2.7 Timing of firing 50
2.8 Casualty reduction analysis 50
2.9 Penetration and deformation of bullets and fragments 51
2.10 Factors affecting deformation of bullets penetrating a flexible
or rigid armor 52
2.11 Bibliography 71
3 Materialresponsestoballisticimpact 72
A SHAHKARAMI, E CEPUS, R VAZIRI and
A POURSARTIP, The University of British Columbia, Canada
3.1 Introduction 72
3.2 Global response 73
3.3 Local response 77
3.4 Influencing parameters 82
3.5 References 95
4 Modelingballisticimpact 101
A M S HAMOUDA and M S RISBY, Universiti Putra Malaysia
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Computational aspects 102
4.3 Ballistic computational modeling 111
4.4 Concluding remarks and future trends 119
4.5 References 121
5 Standardsandspecificationsforlightweight
ballisticmaterials 127
A BHATNAGAR, Honeywell International Inc., USA
5.1 Introduction 127
STANDARDS 128
5.2 Military standard MIL-STD-662F: V ballistic test for armor 128
50
5.3 National Institute of Technology: NIJ standard 0101.04 135
Contents ix
5.4 PSDB ballistic body armor standard 140
5.5 NATO standardization agreement, STANAG 2920, ballistic
test method for personal armors 142
5.6 International standard, ISO/FDIS 14876 (draft): protective
clothing – body armor 144
5.7 NIJ standard 0106.01 for ballistic helmets 148
5.8 Vehicle armor 151
5.9 National Institute for Justice, NIJ 0108 ballistic resistant
protective materials 152
SPECIFICATIONS 153
5.10 Multiple threat body armor ‘Interceptor’ 153
5.11 Small Arms Protective Inserts (SAPI) 156
5.12 Pacific rim countries breastplates 157
5.13 European vest 158
5.14 Asian ballistic vest 159
5.15 Military helmet specifications 162
5.16 MIL-L-62474B (AT): Laminate aramid-fabric-reinforced
plastics 164
5.17 Bibliography 167
6 Testinglightweightballisticmaterials 168
D R DUNN, H P White Laboratory Inc., USA
6.1 Armor general 168
6.2 Armor penetration 168
6.3 Armor protection 169
6.4 Armor testing 169
6.5 Ballistic threats 170
6.6 Test methodologies 171
6.7 Ballistic resistance methodologies 171
6.8 Ballistic limit (V ) testing 172
50
6.9 Stab resistance methodologies 176
6.10 Composite versus monolithic armor 177
6.11 Miscellaneous considerations 178
PartII Typesofmaterialandtheirapplication
7 High-performanceballisticfibers 189
T TAM and A BHATNAGAR, Honeywell International Inc.,
USA
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Classical high performance fibers 189