Light’s labour’s lost : policies for energy-efficient lighting.

561 Pages·2006·7.45 MB·English

by  OECD

I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R GY AG E N C Y
LIGHT'S
LABOUR'S LOST
Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting
In support of the G8 Plan of Action
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY PROFILES
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LIGHT'S
LABOUR'S LOST
Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting
In support of the G8 Plan of Action
ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY PROFILES
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in
November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme.
It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-six of the
OECD’s thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are:
• to maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions;
• to promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations
with non-member countries, industry and international organisations;
• to operate a permanent information system on the international oil market;
• to improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative
energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use;
• to assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies.
The IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic
of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. The European
Commission takes part in the work of the IEA.
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together
to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD
is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new
developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy
and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where
governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems,
identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom
and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD.
© OECD/IEA, 2006
No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made
without written permission. Applications should be sent to:
International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Publications Service,
9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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FOREWORD
When the incandescent lamp was first commercialised the main mode of transport
was the horse, trains were powered by steam,balloons were the only means of flight
and the telegraph was the state of the art for long-distance communication. Much
has changed in the intervening 127 years, but much has also remained the same.
In 1879 the incandescent lamp set a new standard in energy-efficient lighting
technology, but today good-quality compact fluorescent lamps need only one-
quarter of the power to provide the same amount of light. Yet most of us continue
to rely on the “horse” of the incandescent lamp instead of the “internal combustion
engine” of the compact fluorescent lamp. Nor is this the only way in which lighting
energy is being wasted. We illuminate rooms when we’re not there, we over-light
spaces, we squander available daylight and we underutilise the most efficient street
lighting and non-residential building lighting technologies.
This might not matter were it not for the severe challenges we face in securing a
clean, sustainable and affordable energy system. Electricity generation is the main
source of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and lighting uses one-fifth of
its output. Despite having many higher-efficiency and lower-cost alternatives, we
continue to use less efficient and more expensive lighting technologies.
Is this because we are inherently attached to these older technologies, or is it
simply because we stick to what we know when unaware or unsure of the
merits of the alternatives? In each of the main lighting end-use sectors
(commercial buildings, households, industrial lighting, outdoor lighting and vehicle
lighting), this book shows that not only do more cost-effective and higher-
efficiency alternative choices exist, but that they could be deployed very quickly
were the current market barriers to be addressed. Doing this would allow our
economies to be stronger and cleaner without sacrificing anything in our quality
of life. Moreover, the policies that can bring about this change have been tested
and found to work. What is needed is more comprehensive and vigorous
implementation in each economy and lighting sector.
This book shows us why and how we should do so.
Claude Mandil
Executive Director, International Energy Agency
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Light’s Labour’s Lost was written and researched by Paul Waide and Satoshi
Tanishima with contributions from Phil Harrington, Guyane Knight,Thomas
Gueret, Sierra Peterson and Jane Rubery, all of the Energy Efficiency and
Environment Division. Additional input on the analysis and modelling were
provided by Ming Yang, Thomas Gueret and the staff of the Energy Economic
Analysis Division.Helpful reviews were provided by Alan Meier, Rick Bradley,
Noé Van Hulst, Fatih Birol and Claude Mandil. Copy-editing was performed
by Kerry Munro and production by the staff of the CIO Division.
The authors would also like to thank the following people for their valuable
contributions towards producing this book: the members of the IEA Energy
Efficiency Working Party, Gerald Strickland, Tim Whittaker, Harry Verhaar,
Michael Scholand, David Goldstein, Evan Mills, Takeshi Sekiyama, Paolo
Bertoldi, Julian Aizenberg, Gilberto Januzzi, Caspar Kofod, Olivier Sidler, Nils
Borg,Kate Conway,Roger Fouquet,Peter Pearson, Adam Hinge,Steve Nadel,
Hilary Graves, Diana Vorsatz, Egil Ofverholm, Peter Boyce, Guy Newsham,
Jennifer Veitch, Steve Weil, Marc Fontoynont, Peter Karbo,Vincent Berrutto,
Chuaru Murakoshi,Hidetoshi Nakagami, Eric Richman,Conrad Brunner, Jean-
Christophe Visier, Hans Nilsson, Stuart Jeffcott, Benoît Lebot, Matt Oravetz,
Mark Ellis,Peter du Pont,Li Aixan,Li Tienan,Lloyd Harrington and Shane Holt.
Grateful thanks are also due to the following organisations and bodies for
their contributions: the European Lamp Companies Federation, LEDs
Magazine, Philips Lighting, Faktor Licht magazine, Navigant Consulting, the
Japanese Luminaire Association, the New Buildings Institute, the Australian
Greenhouse Office, the US Department of Energy, the UK Market
Transformation Programme, CADDET, Syndicat Francais de l’Eclairage,
STEM, the Lighting Research Center, the European Commission, Science
magazine,Natural Resources Canada,Danish Electricity Savings Trust, IESNA,
ECCJ, Fagerhult Lighting, Energy Efficiency Conservation Authority of New
Zealand, Dena, KEMCO, CNIS, CECP, CEC, EGAT, Energy Savings Trust, the
European GreenLight Programme, the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling and
Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Implementing
Agreements, Statoil, Gas Natural, Beerse Metallwerken (Belgium), Colombo
shopping centre (Portugal) and the City of Sassari (Italy).
Thanks in large measure to their efforts, we trust the fruits of these
labours are not a case of Much Ado About Nothing…
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . 31
1 THE MEANING OF LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
So what is the meaning of light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2 IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER:
HUMAN FACTORS IN LIGHTING. . . . . . . . . . . . 67
To see or not to see . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Human response to light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
What is light and how do we see? 69
Lighting quality: a primary driver of lighting energy needs 74
Lighting guidelines and design criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Recommended illuminance levels and implications
for lighting energy demand 85
Uniformity, surface reflectance, colour rendering and
glare thresholds 94
Discusion 97
3 THESE LOVELY LAMPS:
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES AND DESIGN . . . . . 99
These windows of the soul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
General performance characteristics of lighting technologies . . . . 101
Efficacy, lumen maintenance and temperature 101
Rated lamp life and useful lamp life 104
Lamp colour characteristics 105
Lamp types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Incandescent lamps 110
Tungsten halogen lamps 112
Linear fluorescent lamps 115
Compact fluorescent lamps 119
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps 123
Low-pressure sodium lamps 124
High-intensity discharge lamps 125
Induction lamps 130
Vehicle lamps 132
Summary of lamp characteristics 134
Control gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Balasts 137
Lighting-control systems 141
Fixtures and luminaires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Daylighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Energy savings from daylighting 162
Daylighting components and design solutions 164
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LAZY LUMENS: THE ENERGY USED BY
LIGHTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Why the lumens are lazy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Efforts to estimate global lighting energy consumption 168
A note on the current methodology 169
Lighting markets: light, energy, economic and environmental
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Global light consumption, energy use, costs and CO emissions 173
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Residential lighting 183
Commercial sector 209
Industrial sector 234
Outdoor lighting 237
Vehicle lighting 241
The business of light: global illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
The lamp industry 251
The lighting market 257
The potential for energy savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
What technology opportunities are available? 269
Lighting energy savings in non-résidential case studies 275
Previous savings estimates 277
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Barriers to energy-efficient lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Common barriers 286
Matching policy interventions to barriers 290
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BLAZING THE TRAIL:
POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING 297
Measure for measure: an introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Government policies and programmes: common types 298
Policies to improve lighting-component efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Australia and New Zealand 312
OECD Europe 317
Japan 323
Korea 326
North America 330
China 342
Other non-OECD countries 344
Energy performance building codes and certification policies . . . . 345
United States 345
Europe 354
Other OECD and non-OECD countries 362
Review of other energy-efficiency programmes influencing
lighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Market-transformation programmes 365
Utility programmes 373
Other instruments 377
International initiatives 383
Policies to encourage better use of daylight 387
Daylight-saving time 387
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LIGHT’S LABOUR’S FOUND: THE IMPACT OF
CURRENT AND FUTURE POLICIES . . . . . . . . 389
Beacons of hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Impact of current policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Estimating consequences of current policies 390
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