Table Of ContentIETENERGY ENGINEERING 172
Lightning Interaction with
Power Systems
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
6
Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.Hauschildand
W.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 ElectricalSafety:Aguidetocausesandpreventionofhazards
J.MaxwellAdams
Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.Lakerviand
E.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwue
andR.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedGenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse
Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cell
carsM.Westbrook
Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.Arrillagaand
N.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry
H.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.Gersand
E.Holmes
Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing
Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:Connectionandsystemoperationalaspects
B.Foxetal.
Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood
Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystem
EquipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,
J.PenmanandH.Sedding
Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEdition
B.Drury
Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller
Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray
Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian
Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers
Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor)
Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate
Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers
Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,
3rdEditionH.Khatib
Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignand
implementationM.Castilla(Editor)
Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:Theenablerfor
SmarterGridsA.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors)
Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:FrontiersandapplicationsA.M.
Trzynadlowski(Editor)
Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor)
Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik
Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani
(Editor)
Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.Luand
J.Hossain(Editors)
Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPower
EngineeringS.Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors)
Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,
D.WangandY.Yang
Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysis
F.Milano(Editor)
Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementationC.A.
Frangopoulos(Editor)
Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromSmartMeteringtotheSmartGridH.Sun,
N.Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´ (Editors)
Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,
F.Dalena,J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors)
Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors)
Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsin
MATLAB‡/Simulink‡˙I.H.Altas¸
Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.ZobaaandS.H.E.A.
Aleem(Editors)
Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysisand
optimizationM.A.RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh
Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolution
S.K.Salman
Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGridS.M.
MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors)
Volume96 IndustrialPowerSystemswithDistributedandEmbedded
GenerationRBelu
Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.ReddyandD.K.
Mohanta(Editors)
Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySourcesA.Moreno-
Munoz(Editor)
Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.Kishorand
J.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors)
Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting
Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada
(Editor)
Volume106 SurfacePassivationofIndustrialCrystallineSiliconSolarCellsJ.John
(Editor)
Volume107 BifacialPhotovoltaics:Technology,applicationsandeconomicsJ.Libal
andR.Kopecek(Editors)
Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´
Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker
Volume111 EnergyStorageatDifferentVoltageLevels:Technology,integration,and
marketaspectsA.F.Zobaa,P.F.Ribeiro,S.H.A.AleemandS.N.Afifi(Editors)
Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:Theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara
Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsT.Dragicˇevic´,F.Blaabjergand
P.Wheeler
Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystems
H.R.Karimi
Volume119 ThermalPowerPlantControlandInstrumentation:Thecontrolofboilers
andHRSGs,2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker
Volume120 FaultDiagnosisforRobustInverterPowerDrivesA.Ginart(Editor)
Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEdition
N.WatsonandJ.Arrillaga
Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray
Volume125 WindEnergyModelingandSimulation,Volume1:Atmosphereandplant
P.Veers(Editor)
Volume126 DiagnosisandFaultToleranceofElectricalMachines,PowerElectronics
andDrivesA.J.M.Cardoso
Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang,
Z.ZhangandE.A.Jones
Volume129 RenewableEnergyfromtheOceans:Fromwave,tidalandgradient
systemstooffshorewindandsolarD.CoiroandT.Sant(Editors)
Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.Carriveauand
D.S.-K.Ting(Editors)
Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´
Volume132 PowerLineCommunicationSystemsforSmartGridsI.R.SCasellaand
A.Anpalagan
Volume139 Variability,ScalabilityandStabilityofMicrogridsS.M.Muyeen,S.M.Islam
andF.Blaabjerg(Editors)
Volume155 EnergyGenerationandEfficiencyTechnologiesforGreenResidential
BuildingsD.TingandR.Carriveau(Editors)
Volume157 ElectricalSteels,2VolumesA.Moses,K.Jenkins,PhilipAndersonand
H.Stanbury
Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4Volumes
Lightning Interaction with
Power Systems
Volume 1: Fundamentals and modelling
Edited by
Alexandre Piantini
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Contents
Abouttheeditor xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
Abouttheauthors xxi
1 Lightningandclimate change 1
Earle R. Williams
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basics of thunderstorm electrification and lightning 4
1.3 Thermodynamic control on lightning activity 5
1.3.1 Temperature 5
1.3.2 Dew point temperature 5
1.3.3 Water vapor and the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship 5
1.3.4 Convective available potential energy and its
temperature dependence 7
1.3.5 Cloud base height and its influence oncloud microphysics 9
1.3.6 Balance level considerations in deep convection 12
1.3.7 Baroclinicity 14
1.4 Global lightning responseto temperature ondifferent time scales 14
1.4.1 Diurnal variation 15
1.4.2 Semiannual variation 15
1.4.3 Annual variation 17
1.4.4 ENSO 18
1.4.5 Decadal time scale 20
1.4.6 Multi-decadal time scale 20
1.5 Aerosol influence on moist convection and lightning activity 22
1.5.1 Basic concepts 22
1.5.2 Observational support 24
1.6 Nocturnal thunderstorms 25
1.7 Meteorological control onlightning type 27
1.8 The global circuits as monitors for destructive lightning
and climate change 28
1.9 Expectations for the future 30
References 31
viii Lightning interaction with power systems, volume 1
2 Lightningphenomenonandparameters for engineering application 47
Vladimir A. Rakov
2.1 Types of lightning and main lightning processes 47
2.1.1 Overview 47
2.1.2 Downwardnegative lightning 50
2.1.3 Downwardpositive lightning 53
2.1.4 Artificially initiated lightning 55
2.1.5 Upward lightning 58
2.2 Number of strokes per flash 59
2.3 Interstroke intervals and flash duration 60
2.4 Multiple channel terminationsonground 61
2.5 Relative stroke intensitywithin the flash 63
2.6 Return-stroke peak current—“classical” distributions 66
2.7 Return-stroke peak current—recent direct measurements 74
2.8 Current waveshape parameters 77
2.9 Correlations between the parameters 80
2.10 Return-stroke propagation speed 82
2.11 Equivalent impedance of the lightning channel 84
2.12 Mathematical expressions forthe lightning current waveform 87
2.13 Summary 88
2.14 Future work 90
Acknowledgments 91
References 91
3 Lightningreturnstrokemodelsforelectromagneticfieldcalculations 101
Vernon Cooray
3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 Basic concept of current propagationmodels 103
3.3 Basic conceptsof current generation models 104
3.3.1 Input parameters of the CG models and the expression
for the current at any height 106
3.3.2 Evaluate tðzÞ given I ðtÞ, rðzÞ and vðzÞ 107
b
3.3.3 Evaluate rðzÞ given I ðtÞ, tðzÞ and vðzÞ 108
b
3.3.4 Evaluate vðzÞ, given I ðtÞ, rðzÞ and tðzÞ 108
b
3.4 Basic conceptsof current dissipationmodels 108
3.4.1 Input parameters of the CD models 110
3.4.2 The connection between the channel base current
(or injected current) and the corona current 110
3.5 Generalization of any model to current generation or current
dissipationtype 111
3.6 Current propagation models as a special case of current
dissipationmodels 112
3.7 Physical basisof CDand CGmodels and a return stroke model
based ontheir combination 114
Contents ix
3.8 Electromagnetic fields from lightning return strokes 115
3.9 Calculation of lightning return stroke electromagnetic fields
over ground 123
3.10 Final comments and conclusions 127
References 128
4 Lightninggeolocationinformation for power systemanalyses 133
Wolfgang Schulz andAmitabhNag
4.1 Introduction to ground flash density calculation 134
4.2 Standards and techniques recommended by the IEC 62858 136
4.2.1 Ground flash density from LLS 136
4.2.2 Ground strike point density 138
4.3 Lightning locating systems 139
4.3.1 Lightning geolocation techniques 139
4.3.2 Estimation of peak currentsfrom measured
electromagnetic fields 142
4.3.3 Modern precision lightning locating systems 143
4.3.4 Modern long-range lightning locating systems 150
4.3.5 Validation of LLS performance characteristics using
ground-truth-data 151
References 155
5 Lightningattachmentto overhead power lines 165
Pantelis N. Mikropoulos,Jinliang He and Marina Bernardi
5.1 Lightning attachment 166
5.2 Lightning attachment models 167
5.2.1 Electrogeometric models 167
5.2.2 Leader propagation models 181
5.3 Lightning incidence due todirect lightning strokes 193
5.3.1 Definitions and terminology 194
5.3.2 Lightning stroke collection rate of shield wire(s) 195
5.3.3 Lightning stroke collection rate of phase conductors
(shielding failure rate) 202
5.3.4 Concluding remarks onlightning incidence due to direct
lightning strokes 206
References 208
6 Field-to-transmission line coupling models 217
VernonCooray,CarloAlbertoNucci, Alexandre Piantini,
FarhadRachidi andMarcosRubinstein
6.1 Introduction (TL approximation, QSapproximation,
and full-wave approach) 218
6.2 Field-to-transmissionline coupling models for overhead lines 219
