Table Of ContentIETENERGY ENGINEERING 172
Lightning Interaction with
Power Systems
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
6
Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.Hauschildand
W.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 ElectricalSafety:Aguidetocausesandpreventionofhazards
J.MaxwellAdams
Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.Lakerviand
E.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwue
andR.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse
Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cell
carsM.Westbrook
Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.Arrillagaand
N.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry
H.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.Gersand
E.Holmes
Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing
Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:Connectionandsystemoperationalaspects
B.Foxetal.
Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood
Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystem
EquipmentR.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,
J.PenmanandH.Sedding
Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEdition
B.Drury
Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller
Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray
Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian
Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers
Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor)
Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate
Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers
Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,
3rdEditionH.Khatib
Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignand
implementationM.Castilla(Editor)
Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:Theenablerfor
smartergridsA.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors)
Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:FrontiersandapplicationsA.M.
Trzynadlowski(Editor)
Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor)
Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik
Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani
(Editor)
Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.Luand
J.Hossain(Editors)
Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPower
EngineeringS.Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors)
Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,
D.WangandY.Yang
Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysis
F.Milano(Editor)
Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementationC.A.
Frangopoulos(Editor)
Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromsmartmeteringtothesmartgridH.Sun,N.
Hatziargyriou,H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´ (Editors)
Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,
F.Dalena,J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors)
Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors)
Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsin
MATLAB‡/Simulink‡˙I.H.Altas¸
Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.ZobaaandS.H.E.A.
Aleem(Editors)
Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysisand
optimizationM.A.RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh
Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolution
S.K.Salman
Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGrid
S.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors)
Volume96 IndustrialPowerSystemswithDistributedandEmbedded
GenerationRBelu
Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.ReddyandD.K.
Mohanta(Editors)
Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySourcesA.Moreno-
Munoz(Editor)
Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.Kishorand
J.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors)
Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting
Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada
(Editor)
Volume106 SurfacePassivationofIndustrialCrystallineSiliconSolarCellsJ.John
(Editor)
Volume107 BifacialPhotovoltaics:Technology,applicationsandeconomicsJ.Libal
andR.Kopecek(Editors)
Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´
Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker
Volume111 EnergyStorageatDifferentVoltageLevels:Technology,integration,and
marketaspectsA.F.Zobaa,P.F.Ribeiro,S.H.A.AleemandS.N.Afifi(Editors)
Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara
Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsT.Dragicˇevic´,F.Blaabjergand
P.Wheeler
Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystems
H.R.Karimi
Volume119 ThermalPowerPlantControlandInstrumentation:Thecontrolofboilers
andHRSGs,2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker
Volume120 FaultDiagnosisforRobustInverterPowerDrivesA.Ginart(Editor)
Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEdition
N.WatsonandJ.Arrillaga
Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray
Volume125 WindEnergyModelingandSimulation,Volume1:Atmosphereandplant
P.Veers(Editor)
Volume126 DiagnosisandFaultToleranceofElectricalMachines,PowerElectronics
andDrivesA.J.M.Cardoso
Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang,
Z.ZhangandE.A.Jones
Volume129 RenewableEnergyfromtheOceans:Fromwave,tidalandgradient
systemstooffshorewindandsolarD.CoiroandT.Sant(Editors)
Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.Carriveauand
D.S.-K.Ting(Editors)
Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´
Volume132 PowerLineCommunicationSystemsforSmartGridsI.R.S.Casellaand
A.Anpalagan
Volume139 Variability,ScalabilityandStabilityofMicrogridsS.M.Muyeen,S.M.Islam
andF.Blaabjerg(Editors)
Volume155 EnergyGenerationandEfficiencyTechnologiesforGreenResidential
BuildingsD.TingandR.Carriveau(Editors)
Volume157 ElectricalSteels,2VolumesA.Moses,K.Jenkins,PhilipAndersonand
H.Stanbury
Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4Volumes
Lightning Interaction with
Power Systems
Volume 2: Applications
Edited by
Alexandre Piantini
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Contents
Abouttheeditor xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Abouttheauthors xxiii
1 Application of the Monte Carlo methodto lightning protection
andinsulationcoordinationpractices 1
AlbertoBorghetti, Fabio Napolitano, CarloAlbertoNucci
and Fabio Tossani
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Description of the MC-based procedure 4
1.3 Identification of the lightning current functions 7
1.4 Stratified sampling technique 9
1.5 Application results for a MVoverhead line in open terrain 11
1.5.1 Influence of the return stroke current waveform 11
1.5.2 Application of the recursive stratified sampling technique 16
1.6 Conclusions 21
References 21
2 Lightninginteraction withpowersubstations 27
Shigemitsu Okabe
2.1 Fundamental concepts 27
2.1.1 Definition and procedure of insulation coordination 27
2.1.2 Lightning overvoltage in insulation coordination 28
2.1.3 Lightning surge analysis 31
2.2 Simplified statistical approach of lightning surge analysis 33
2.2.1 Basics 33
2.2.2 Calculation of the limit distance 33
2.2.3 Estimation of the lightning overvoltage amplitude 35
2.2.4 Simplified method 38
2.2.5 Assumedmaximumvalue of the representative lightning
overvoltage 40
2.3 Detailed deterministic approach of lightning surge analysis 40
2.3.1 Basic analysisconditions 40
2.3.2 Analysis conditions and models 44
viii Lightning interaction with power systems, volume 2
2.4 Failure rate evaluation considering front time of lightning current 46
2.4.1 Crest value and wavefront time of lightning stroke current 46
2.4.2 Wavefront time of lightning stroke current and amplitude
of lightning surge 48
2.4.3 Lightning failure rates in substations in consideration
of lightning current waveforms 50
References 53
3 Lightninginteraction withpower transmissionlines 57
William A. Chisholm
3.1 Lightning attachment tooverhead transmission lines 59
3.1.1 Overhead line attachment rates usingground flash density
and typical dimensions 60
3.1.2 Local voltage rise from lightning attachment
to transmission line phase conductor 64
3.1.3 Role of spanlength and nearby arresters on peak
insulator voltage 70
3.1.4 Shielding of transmission line phase conductors using
overhead groundwires 72
3.2 Lightning impulse flashover of power transmission line insulation 73
3.2.1 Lightning impulse voltage test waveshapes 74
3.2.2 Single gap full-wave flashover strength for dry arc
distance of 0.5 to 10m 76
3.2.3 Strength of multiple air gaps in parallel under shielding
failure conditions 80
3.2.4 Strength of multiple air gaps in series 81
3.2.5 Evolution of surge protective devices forinsulation
coordination 81
3.2.6 Design and performance of unshielded power
transmission lines 82
3.3 Bonding, earthing and equalisation of potential differences on
transmission lines 85
3.3.1 Analysis of transient voltage rise on connections from
OHGWto earthing electrodes 85
3.3.2 Analysis of transient voltage rise on earthing electrodes 89
3.3.3 Analysis of transient voltage reduction from adjacent phases 98
3.3.4 Analysis of transient voltage rise on insulated phases
from surge impedance coupling 99
3.3.5 The backflashover from OHGWto phase 102
3.3.6 Design and performance of shielded power
transmission lines 103
3.3.7 Methods for increasing the backflashover critical current 104
3.3.8 Methods for improving the equalisationof potential
differences 106
Contents ix
3.4 Considerationsin the design trade-off: arresters versus earthing 107
References 108
4 Lightninginteraction withmedium-voltage overheadpower
distributionsystems 113
Alexandre Piantini, Alberto Borghetti and Carlo Alberto Nucci
4.1 Flashcollectionrate 114
4.2 Effects of various parameters on lightning overvoltages 115
4.2.1 Direct strokes 115
4.2.2 Indirect strokes 117
4.3 Lightning protection of MVsystems 132
4.3.1 Increase of the line withstand capability 132
4.3.2 Useof shield wires 133
4.3.3 Application of surge arresters 146
4.4 Lightning performance of overhead distribution lines 153
4.4.1 Influence of the environment around the line 153
4.4.2 Lines located above open ground 154
4.4.3 Lines surrounded bybuildings 158
4.4.4 Hybrid configuration (MVand HVlines mounted
onthe same poles) 160
4.5 Concluding remarks 164
References 164
5 Lightninginteraction withlow-voltage overheadpower
distributionnetworks 173
Alexandre Piantini
5.1 Typical configurations of LV networks 174
5.2 Lightning surgeson LV power systems 176
5.2.1 Cloud discharges 176
5.2.2 Direct strikes 177
5.2.3 Indirect strikes 178
5.2.4 Transference from the MVline 201
5.3 Lightning protection of LV networks 207
5.3.1 Distributiontransformers 208
5.3.2 LV power installations 212
5.4 Concluding remarks 217
References 218
6 Lightningprotectionof structuresandelectrical systems
inside of buildings 227
Fridolin Heidler
6.1 Lightning currents 228
6.1.1 Current components 230
