Table Of Content

Light Scattering Reviews 6 Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (Editor) Light Scattering Reviews 6 Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Editor Dr. Alexander A. Kokhanovsky Institute of Environmental Physics University of Bremen Bremen Germany SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (LIGHT SCATTERING SUB-SERIES) EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD MEMBER: Dr. Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Ph.D., Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany ISBN 978-3-642-15530-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-15531-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15531-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci®cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro®lm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project copy editor: Mike Shardlow Author-generated LaTex, processed by EDV-Beratung Herweg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science‡Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Notes on the contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XXI Part I Single Light Scattering 1 Polar nephelometers for light scattering by ice crystals and aerosols: design and measurements Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson and Kuo-Nan Liou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Measuring the intensity of scattered light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Beam considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.3 Stray light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 Polar nephelometer designs and some measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.1 Goniometer-type polar nephelometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.2 Multi-detector polar nephelometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3.3 Elliptical mirror polar nephelometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3.4 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.4 UCLA polar nephelometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4.1 Instrument description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4.2 Method of GA refractive index retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.4.3 Noise/accuracy analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.4.4 GA retrieval of the imaginary index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2 Light scattering by irregularly shaped particles with sizes comparable to the wavelength Evgenij S. Zubko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2 Modeling light scattering by irregularly shaped particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.1 Models of irregularly shaped particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.2 The DDA method and parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.2.3 Averaging of light scattering characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 V VI Contents 2.3 Comparative study of light scattering by irregular particles with different morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.3.1 Comparison of integral parameters of light scattering by irregularly shaped particles with different morphology . . . . . . . . 47 2.3.2 Comparison of differential parameters of light scattering by irregularly shaped particles with different morphology . . . . . . . . 54 2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3 Finite-difference time-domain solution of light scattering by arbitrarily shaped particles and surfaces Wenbo Sun, Gorden Videen, Qiang Fu, Stoyan Tanev, Bing Lin, Yongxiang Hu, Zhaoyan Liu, and Jianping Huang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2 Finite-difference time-domain method for light scattering by particles . . 75 3.2.1 Scattered/total-field finite-difference time-domain method . . . . . 76 3.2.2 Incident wave source conditions for open dielectric medium space 79 3.2.3 Uniaxial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition 82 3.2.4 Formulation of the single scattering properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.2.5 Numerical results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.3 FDTD method for electromagnetic beam interaction with surfaces . . . . 94 3.3.1 Scattered-field finite-difference time-domain method . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.3.2 Scattered-field uniaxial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.3.3 Numerical results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4 Advances in finite-difference time-domain calculation methods James B. Cole, Naoki Okada, and Saswatee Banerjee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.1 Advances in nonstandard finite-difference time-domain theory and its implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.1.1 Standard versus nonstandard FDTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.1.2 Wave equation for the scattered field and its NS-FD model . . . . 119 4.1.3 Extension to the absorbing wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.1.4 Maxwell’s equations for the scattered-field and improved NS–Yee algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.1.5 Extension to the linearly conducting Maxwell’s equations . . . . . 127 4.1.6 Verifications and practical tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 4.1.7 Supplementary derivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.1.8 Summary of nonstandard FDTD methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.2 High-accuracy simulation of whispering gallery modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.2.1 Whispering gallery modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4.2.2 Infinite cylindrical WGMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.2.3 Grid representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4.2.4 WGM simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.2.5 Coupled wave equation approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Contents VII 4.3 A quasi-stable FDTD algorithm for dispersive materials to compute optical characteristics of subwavelength metal gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.3.1 Computing light propagation in dispersive materials . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.3.2 RC-FDTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.3.3 Algorithm stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 4.3.4 Simulating subwavelength gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 4.3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Part II Radiative Transfer and Remote Sensing 5 Radiative Transfer in Coupled Systems Knut Stamnes and Jakob J. Stamnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.2 Inherent optical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 5.3 Basic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5.3.1 Radiative transfer equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5.3.2 Discrete-ordinate solution of the radiative transfer equation . . . 185 5.3.3 Monte Carlo simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5.3.4 Impact of surface roughness on remotely sensed radiances . . . . . 189 5.4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.4.1 Coupled atmosphere–water systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.4.2 Coupled atmosphere–snow–ice systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5.4.3 Coupled air–tissue systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 6 Airborne measurements of spectral shortwave radiation in cloud and aerosol remote sensing and energy budget studies Sebastian Schmidt and Peter Pilewskie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 6.2 Instrumentation, radiative quantities, and models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 6.2.1 Spectrometer versus multi-channel filter-radiometer . . . . . . . . . . 241 6.2.2 Solar spectral flux radiometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 6.2.3 Radiative quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 6.2.4 Radiative transfer models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 6.3 The value of spectral resolution for cloud retrievals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 6.3.1 Reflectance from mixed-phase clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 6.3.2 Cloud spectroscopy with transmitted radiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 6.3.3 Spectral information content and error analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 6.3.4 Aerosols above clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 6.4 Constraining spectral aerosol radiative forcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 6.5 The spectral signature of heterogeneous clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 6.5.1 The spectral consistency approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 6.5.2 Observing and modeling 3D cloud effects – apparent absorption 267 6.5.3 Attributing cloud absorption to causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 VIII Contents 6.6 Heterogeneous clouds and aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 7 The retrieval of snow characteristics from optical measurements Alexander A. Kokhanovsky and Vladimir V. Rozanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 7.2 Forward model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 7.3 The information content of snow spectral reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 7.3.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 7.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 7.4 Retrieval algorithm: FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 7.4.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 7.4.2 Synthetic retrievals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 7.4.3 Application of the algorithm to MERIS data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 7.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Appendix. The relationship between different retrieval approaches based on the asymptotic radiative transfer theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 List of Contributors Saswatee Banerjee Jianping Huang IT-related Chemicals Research Laboratory College of Atmospheric Sciences Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd Lanzhou University 1-1 Ohe-cho, Niihama City Lanzhou, Gansu Ehime 792-0015 China 730000 Japan X List of Contributors Room 3F936, Building F, Third area, Norway 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki

ebook img

Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface PDF

352 Pages·2012·32.71 MB·English
by  Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson, Kuo-Nan Liou (auth.), Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (eds.)
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download

Download Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface PDF Free - Full Version

by Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson, Kuo-Nan Liou (auth.), Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (eds.)| 2012| 352 pages| 32.71| English

Download Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface by Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson, Kuo-Nan Liou (auth.), Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (eds.) in PDF format completely FREE. No registration required, no payment needed. Get instant access to this valuable resource on PDFdrive.to!

Free Download PDF

About Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface

No description available for this book.

Detailed Information

Author:Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson, Kuo-Nan Liou (auth.), Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (eds.)
Publication Year:2012
Pages:352
Language:English
File Size:32.71
Format:PDF
Price:FREE
Download Free PDF

Safe & Secure Download - No registration required

Why Choose PDFdrive for Your Free Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface Download?

  • 100% Free: No hidden fees or subscriptions required for one book every day.
  • No Registration: Immediate access is available without creating accounts for one book every day.
  • Safe and Secure: Clean downloads without malware or viruses
  • Multiple Formats: PDF, MOBI, Mpub,... optimized for all devices
  • Educational Resource: Supporting knowledge sharing and learning

Free Books Similar to Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it really free to download Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface PDF?

Yes, on https://PDFdrive.to you can download Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface by Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson, Kuo-Nan Liou (auth.), Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (eds.) completely free. We don't require any payment, subscription, or registration to access this PDF file. For 3 books every day.

How can I read Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface on my mobile device?

After downloading Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface PDF, you can open it with any PDF reader app on your phone or tablet. We recommend using Adobe Acrobat Reader, Apple Books, or Google Play Books for the best reading experience.

Is this the full version of Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface?

Yes, this is the complete PDF version of Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface by Brian Barkey, Suzanne Paulson, Kuo-Nan Liou (auth.), Alexander A. Kokhanovsky (eds.). You will be able to read the entire content as in the printed version without missing any pages.

Is it legal to download Light Scattering Reviews, Vol. 6: Light Scattering and Remote Sensing of Atmosphere and Surface PDF for free?

https://PDFdrive.to provides links to free educational resources available online. We do not store any files on our servers. Please be aware of copyright laws in your country before downloading.

The materials shared are intended for research, educational, and personal use in accordance with fair use principles.

We use cookies

We use cookies to ensure you get the best browsing experience on our website. By clicking "Accept Cookies", you agree that we can store cookies on your device in accordance with our Terms and Privacy.