Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles. Theory, Measurements, and Applications

738 Pages·13.551 MB·English

by  Mishchenko M.I., Hovenier J.W., Travis L.D. (Ed.)

Light Scattering
by Nonspherical
Particles
Theory,Measurements,
andApplications

Light Scattering
by Nonspherical
Particles
Theory, Measurements,
and Applications
Editedby
Michael I. Mishchenko
NASAGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies
NewYork,NewYork
Joop W. Hovenier
FreeUniversityandUniversityofAmsterdam
Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Larry D. Travis
NASAGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies
NewYork,NewYork
SanDiego SanFrancisco NewYork Boston London Sydney Tokyo
Coverartdescriptionandcredit:Scatteringpatternsforparticlesofasinglesizeareusually
burdenedbytheso-calledinterferencestructure.Thiseffectisdemonstratedbythefigureonthe
cover,whichshowsT-matrixcomputationsofthedegreeoflinearpolarizationversusscatteringangle
andsurface-equivalent-spheresizeparameterforanoblatespheroidwithanaspectratioof1.7and
arefractiveindexof1.53+0.008i.Thespheroidhasafixedorientationwithrespecttotheincident
beam,andthescatteringplaneisdefinedasaplanethroughtheincidentbeamandthespheroid
axis.Thefiguredisplaysacharacteristic“butterflywing”patterncomposedofsharpalternating
maximaandminima.Thesestrongoscillationsofpolarizationwithinasmallrangeofscattering
angleand/orsizeparameterareatypicalmanifestationoftheinterferencestructureandmake
comparisonsofscatteringcharacteristicsofdifferentmonodisperseparticlesparticularlydifficult.
FromamodifiedversionofPlate2.1.RefertoChapter2formoredetails.
Coverartcourtesyoftheauthors.
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Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xix
HintsfromHistory:AForeword xxv
HendrikC.vandeHulst
PartI
Introduction
Chapter1
Concepts,Terms, Notation
MichaelI.Mishchenko,JoopW.Hovenier,andLarryD.Travis
I. Introduction 3
II. IndependentScattering 4
III. ReferenceFramesandParticleOrientation 5
IV. AmplitudeMatrix 7
V. StokesParameters 9
VI. PhaseMatrix 11
VII. TotalOpticalCrossSections 12
VIII. DichroismandExtinctionMatrix 13
IX. Reciprocity 14
X. EnsembleAveraging 15
XI. ScatteringMatrixandMacroscopicallyIsotropicand
SymmetricMedia 17
XII. MultipleScatteringandRadiativeTransferEquation 22
v
vi Contents
XIII. Appendix:GeometricalInterpretationofStokesParametersand
theRotationTransformationLawforI,Q,U,andV 24
Chapter2
Overview of Scattering by Nonspherical Particles
MichaelI.Mishchenko,WarrenJ.Wiscombe,JoopW.Hovenier,andLarryD.Travis
I. Introduction 30
II. ExactTheoriesandNumericalTechniques 31
III. Approximations 45
IV. Measurements 49
V. ManifestationsofNonsphericityin
ElectromagneticScattering 54
VI. Abbreviations 59
Chapter3
Basic Relationships for Matrices Describing Scattering
by Small Particles
JoopW.HovenierandCornelisV.M.vanderMee
I. Introduction 61
II. RelationshipsforScatteringbyOneParticlein
aFixedOrientation 62
III. RelationshipsforSingleScatteringbyaCollection
ofParticles 74
IV. TestingMatricesDescribingScatteringby
SmallParticles 77
V. DiscussionandOutlook 82
PartII
Theoretical and Numerical Techniques
Chapter4
Separation of Variables for Electromagnetic Scattering
by Spheroidal Particles
IoanR.CiricandFrancisR.Cooray
I. Introduction 90
Contents vii
II. SpheroidalCoordinateSystems 91
III. SpheroidalWaveFunctions 92
IV. SpheroidalVectorWaveFunctions 98
V. ElectromagneticScatteringbyaCoated
LossySpheroid 100
VI. ScatteringofElectromagneticWavesbya
ChiralSpheroid 109
VII. ScatteringbySystemsofArbitrarily
OrientedSpheroids 114
Chapter5
The Discrete Dipole Approximation for Light Scattering
by Irregular Targets
BruceT.Draine
I. Introduction 131
II. WhatIstheDiscreteDipoleApproximation? 132
III. TheDDSCATScatteringCode 133
IV. DipoleArrayGeometry 134
V. TargetGeneration 134
VI. DipolePolarizabilities 136
VII. AccuracyandValidityCriteria 137
VIII. SolutionMethod 137
IX. ComputationalRequirements 139
X. BenchmarkCalculations:ScatteringbyTetrahedra 140
XI. Summary 144
Chapter6
T-Matrix Method and Its Applications
MichaelI.Mishchenko,LarryD.Travis,andAndreasMacke
I. Introduction 147
II. TheT-MatrixApproach 148
III. AnalyticalAveragingoverOrientations 152
IV. ComputationoftheT MatrixforSingleParticles 157
V. AggregatedandCompositeParticles 160
VI. Public-DomainT-MatrixCodes 166
VII. Applications 170
viii Contents
Chapter7
Finite Difference Time Domain Method for
Light Scattering by Nonspherical and
Inhomogeneous Particles
PingYangandK.N.Liou
I. Introduction 174
II. ConceptualBasisoftheFiniteDifferenceTime
DomainMethod 175
III. FiniteDifferenceEquationsfortheNearField 178
IV. AbsorbingBoundaryCondition 194
V. FieldinFrequencyDomain 201
VI. TransformationofNearFieldtoFarField 204
VII. ScatteringPropertiesofAerosolsandIceCrystals 211
VIII. Conclusions 220
PartIII
Compounded, Heterogeneous, and
Irregular Particles
Chapter8
Electromagnetic Scattering by Compounded
Spherical Particles
KirkA.FullerandDanielW.Mackowski
I. Introduction 226
II. HistoricalOverview 226
III. ScatteringandAbsorptionofLightbyHomogeneousand
ConcentricallyStratifiedSpheres 229
IV. EccentricTwo-SphereSystems 240
V. AggregatesofNS ArbitrarilyConfiguredSpheres 243
VI. ClusterTMatrixandRandom-OrientationProperties 253
VII. MeasurementsandApplications 256
VIII. VectorAdditionTheorem 267