Table Of ContentTopics in Current Chemistry 370
Salvatore Sortino Editor
Light-Responsive
Nanostructured
Systems for
Applications in
Nanomedicine
370
Topics in Current Chemistry
Editorial Board
H. Bayley, Oxford, UK
K.N. Houk, Los Angeles, CA, USA
G. Hughes, CA, USA
C.A. Hunter, Sheffield, UK
K. Ishihara, Chikusa, Japan
M.J. Krische, Austin, TX, USA
J.-M. Lehn, Strasbourg Cedex, France
R. Luque, C(cid:1)ordoba, Spain
M. Olivucci, Siena, Italy
J.S. Siegel, Tianjin, China
J. Thiem, Hamburg, Germany
M. Venturi, Bologna, Italy
C.-H. Wong, Taipei, Taiwan
H.N.C. Wong, Shatin, Hong Kong
V.W.-W. Yam, Hong Kong, China
C. Yan, Beijing, China
S.-L. You, Shanghai, China
Aims and Scope
TheseriesTopicsinCurrentChemistry presentscriticalreviews ofthepresent and
futuretrendsinmodernchemicalresearch.Thescopeofcoverageincludesallareasof
chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology,
medicineandmaterialsscience.
Thegoalofeachthematicvolumeistogivethenon-specialistreader,whetheratthe
universityorinindustry,acomprehensiveoverviewofanareawherenewinsightsare
emergingthatareofinteresttolargerscientificaudience.
Thuseachreviewwithinthevolumecriticallysurveysoneaspectofthattopicand
places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant
developments of the last 5 to 10 years should be presented. A description of the
laboratoryproceduresinvolvedisoftenusefultothereader.Thecoverageshouldnot
be exhaustive in data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the
methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the
informationpresented.
Discussionofpossiblefutureresearchdirectionsintheareaiswelcome.
Reviewarticlesfortheindividualvolumesareinvitedbythevolumeeditors.
Readership:researchchemistsatuniversitiesorinindustry,graduatestudents.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/128
Salvatore Sortino
Editor
Light-Responsive
Nanostructured Systems
for Applications in
Nanomedicine
With contributions by
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
S. Acherar P. Arnoux S. Ashraf J. Atchison F. Baros
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
J.F.Callan M.Carril C.Carrillo-Carrion L.Colombeau
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
C. Conte D. Costley A. Escudero C. Fowley A. Fraix
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
C.Frochot J.Garcia-Amoros G.R.C.Hamilton S.Kamila
P. Kuba´t (cid:1) K. Lang (cid:1) S. Maiolino (cid:1) N. Marino (cid:1) C. McEwan (cid:1)
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
A. Miro A.M. Gazzali J. Mosinger W.J. Parak
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
B. Pelaz D.S. Pellosi L. Petrizza P. del Pino L. Prodi
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
F. Quaglia E. Rampazzo F.M. Raymo Y. Sheng
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
M.G. Soliman S. Sortino S. Tang E.R. Thapaliya
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
M. Toussaint F. Ungaro R. Vanderesse N. Zaccheroni
(cid:1) (cid:1)
K. Zaghdoudi Q. Zhang Y. Zhang
Editor
SalvatoreSortino
UniversityofCatania
Catania,Italy
ISSN0340-1022 ISSN1436-5049 (electronic)
TopicsinCurrentChemistry
ISBN978-3-319-22941-6 ISBN978-3-319-22942-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-22942-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015955259
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
Preface
Nanomedicine is a cutting-edge area of biomedical research and exploits the
application of nanotechnology to medical science. It involves the design and
development of novel nanostructured materials that, once engineered, promise a
profoundimpactinprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofseveraldiseases.Light
is a very attractive trigger for activating specific diagnostic and therapeutic func-
tions.Inviewoftheeasymanipulation,intermsofintensity,wavelength,duration,
and localization, light represents a minimally invasive and finely tunable external
stimulusforopticalimagingandtheintroductionoftherapeuticagentsinadesired
bio-environment,mimickingan“opticalmicrosyringe”withsuperbspatiotemporal
control.Furthermore,lighttriggeringofferstheadditionaladvantageofnotaffect-
ingphysiologicalparameterssuchastemperature,pH,andionicstrengththatisan
important requisite for bio-applications. Therefore, it is not surprising that the
marriage of photochemistry and nanomaterials has been attracting the interest of
manyresearchersinrecentyears.
Fabrication of photoresponsive nanostructured materials implies collective
cross-disciplinary efforts because of synthetic methodologies and the physical
characterization techniques. However, photochemistry plays a dominant role. In
fact, design and synthesis of photoactive materials certainly depends on the way
atomic or molecular units are assembled into nanostructures with specific charac-
teristicssuchassize,shape,coordinationenvironment,andontheabilitytopredict
the response of the obtained nanomaterials to light stimuli. The convergence of
consolidated knowledge in photochemistry and the significant breakthroughs in
materials science have recently led to outstanding achievements with excellent
diagnostic,therapeutic,andtheranosticperformances.Thetechnologicaladvances
in fiber optics and the possibility of exploiting unconventional photochemical
strategies,whichenableactivationofthesenanoconstructswithhighlypenetrating
near infrared light, are pushing such materials towards practical applications,
facilitatinganentirelynewcategoryofclinicalsolutions.
v
vi Preface
Thisthemedissueincludeseightauthoritativereviewswrittenbyexpertsinthe
fieldandcoveringawiderangeofnanostructuredsystemsengineeredinsuchaway
astoperformimaging,therapeutic,orbothfunctionsundertheexclusivecontrolof
light input. The first two contributions focus on the design and fabrication of
nanoparticlesforinvitroandinvivoopticalimaging,demonstratingtheadvantages
offered by fluorescence spectroscopy in terms of versatility, sensitivity, and reso-
lution.Prodiandco-workersprovideastate-of-the-artsummaryinthefieldofsilica
luminescent nanoparticles, exploiting collective processes to obtain ultra-bright
units suitable as contrast agents in optical imaging, optical sensing, and other
high sensitivity applications in nanomedicine. With many fascinating examples,
Garcia-Amor(cid:1)os, Raymo, and co-workers elegantly illustrate how photoinduced
energy transfer between multiple guests co-encapsulated within polymeric
nanoparticlesmayhelptoelucidatethetransportpropertiesofthesebiocompatible
nanocarriers in a diversity of biological media. Discussion of nanomaterials for
phototherapeutic applications focuses on photodynamic therapy (PDT),
photothermal therapy (PTT), and emerging treatments based on the nitric oxide
(NO) radical. The contribution by Quaglia and co-workers is entirely devoted to
polymericnanoparticlesforPDTincancerapplications,illustratingtheadvantages
offered by nanotechnological approaches and describing the pillars of rational
designofthesenanocarriersandtheirpotentialinpreclinicalmodels.Frochotand
co-workersdiscussawiderangeofinorganicnanoparticlesforPDTandshowhow
they can be used to improve the PDT efficiency. Nanostructured bidimensional
surfacesandtheirpotentialasphotoantimicrobialmaterials,mainlybasedonPDT,
are discussed by Mosinger and coworkers. Specific contributions are devoted to
gold nanoparticles and quantum dots that represent fascinating multifunctional
platforms for many biomedical applications. A detailed state-of-the-art review on
goldnanoparticlesandtheirwideuseinnanomedicineasmultitaskingplatformfor
optical imaging and sensing, PDT, and PTT applications is provided by Ashraf,
Carrillo-Carrion, and co-workers. Callan and co-workers illustrate how quantum
dots can be used as fluorescent tags with superb performances for the direct
visualization or quantification of particular cell types or biomolecules and how
they can serve as effective energy donors in sensing and therapeutic applications.
The final contribution comes from Sortino’s group and describe a variety of
engineered nanoconstructs for the therapeutic release of NO combining multiple
imagingandphototherapeuticmodalities,andismainlydevotedtoanticancerand
antibacterialapplications
Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetothecolleaguesandfriendswhoenthusi-
asticallyagreedtocontributetothisvolumewiththeirreviews.Thecontentsofthis
issue is certainly far from being as comprehensive as this vast topic deserves.
However,Ireallyhopethereaders–expertsandnewcomers–enjoythesechapters
andfindexcitingstimuliandfruitfulsourcesofinspirationforfurtherdevelopments
of “smart” nanomaterials. In his famous talk in 1956 the Nobel Laureate Richard
P. Feynman stated “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” the cornerstone of
Preface vii
nanotechnology.Icansafelyconcludethatatthebottomthereisplentyofroomfor
photochemists, whose creativity enslaved to nanomedicine ensures a “bright”
future for innovative research in this field. The International Year of Light, 2015,
isdefinitelyaverygoodomen!
Catania,Italy SalvatoreSortino
.
Contents
LuminescentSilicaNanoparticlesFeaturingCollectiveProcesses
forOpticalImaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
EnricoRampazzo,LucaProdi,LucaPetrizza,andNelsiZaccheroni
Self-AssemblingNanoparticlesofAmphiphilicPolymersforInVitro
andInVivoFRETImaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
JaumeGarcia-Amor(cid:1)os,SichengTang,YangZhang,EkRajThapaliya,
andFranc¸iscoM.Raymo
PolymericNanoparticlesforCancerPhotodynamicTherapy. . . . . . . 61
ClaudiaConte,SaraMaiolino,DiogoSilvaPellosi,AgneseMiro,
FrancescaUngaro,andFabianaQuaglia
InorganicNanoparticlesforPhotodynamicTherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
L.Colombeau,S.Acherar,F.Baros,P.Arnoux,A.MohdGazzali,
K.Zaghdoudi,M.Toussaint,R.Vanderesse,andC.Frochot
PhotoactivatableNanostructuredSurfacesforBiomedical
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Jirˇ´ıMosinger,KamilLang,andPavelKuba´t
Gold-BasedNanomaterialsforApplicationsinNanomedicine. . . . . . . 169
SumairaAshraf,BeatrizPelaz,PablodelPino,M(cid:1)onicaCarril,
AlbertoEscudero,WolfgangJ.Parak,MahmoudG.Soliman,
QianZhang,andCarolinaCarrillo-Carrion
DiagnosticandTherapeuticApplicationsofQuantumDotsin
Nanomedicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
SukantaKamila,ConorMcEwan,DavidCostley,JordanAtchison,
YinjieSheng,GrahamR.C.Hamilton,ColinFowley,andJohnF.Callan
ix
