Light at Night, Human Health - references with abstracts

1047 Pages·2013·5.86 MB·English

Light at Night, Human Health - references with abstracts Send any corrections, additions to:
Robert Wagner - [email protected]
Many of these papers were cited in the following summary reports:
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Volume 98 (2010) Shiftwork, 563-754
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol98/mono98-8.pdf
European Commission, Directorate-General for Health & Consumers
Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)
Report entitled: Health Effects of Artificial Light (July 18, 2011)
http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_o_033.pdf
Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
National Academy of Sciences, 3-29 - 3-30
Report entitled: Breast Cancer and the Environment: A life course (2012)
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13263
Abe M, Herzog ED, Yamazaki S et al. Year 2002
Authors Michikazu Abe, Erik D. Herzog, Shin Yamazaki, Marty Straume, Hajime Tei, Yoshiyuki Sakaki,
Report Name Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions.
Publication J Neurosci
Issue-page numbers 22:350–356. PMID:11756518
URL http://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/1/350.full.pdf
Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus has been referred to as the master circadian pacemaker that drives daily rhythms in behavior and
physiology. There is, however, evidence for extra-SCN circadian oscillators. Neural tissues cultured from rats carrying the Per-luciferase transgene were used to monitor the
intrinsic Per1 expression patterns in different brain areas and their response to changes
in the light cycle. Although many Per-expressing brain areas were arrhythmic in culture, 14 of the 27 areas examined were rhythmic. The pineal and pituitary glands both
expressed rhythms that persisted for
3 d in vitro, with peak expression during the subjective night. Nuclei in the olfactory bulb and the ventral hypothalamus expressed
rhythmicity with peak expression at night, whereas other brain areas were either weakly rhythmic and peaked at night, or arrhythmic. After a 6 hr advance or delay in the light
cycle, the pineal, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and arcuate nucleus each adjusted the phase of their rhythmicity with different kinetics.
Together, these results indicate that the brain contains multiple, damped circadian oscillators outside the SCN. The phasing of these oscillators to one another may play a critical
role in coordinating brain activity and its adjustment to changes in the light cycle.
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Keywords suprachiasmatic nucleus; pineal; pituitary; olfac-bulb; arcuate nucleus; Per; luciferase; entrainment; jet lag
Ackermann K, Sletten TL, Revell VL, et al. Year 2009
Authors Katrin Ackermann, Tracey L. Sletten, Victoria L. Revell, Simon N. Archer and Debra J. Skene
Report Name Blue-light phase shifts PER3 gene expression in human leukocytes
Publication Chronobiology International
Issue-page numbers 2009, Vol. 26, No. 4 , Pages 769-779 (doi:10.1080/07420520902929045)
URL http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07420520902929045
Abstract The timing of clock gene expression in human leukocytes was investigated following a phase-advancing light stimulus to determine whether the response is wavelength- and/or
age-dependent. PERIOD3 (PER3) clock gene expression in leukocytes and plasma melatonin were analyzed before and after monochromatic blue and green light exposure.
Significant phase advances were observed in the peak timing of both PER3 expression and melatonin following blue but not green light. The amplitude of the PER3 rhythm at
baseline was significantly reduced with age. However, age did not affect the response of the PER3 rhythm to light.
Keywords PERIOD3, Phase shift, Melatonin, Leukocytes, Blue light
Ackermann K, Stehle JH Year 2006
Authors Katrin Ackermann and Dr. Jörg H. Stehle
Report Name Melatonin Synthesis in the Human Pineal Gland: Advantages, Implications, and Difficulties
Publication Chronobiology International
Issue-page numbers 23:1-2, 369-379
URL http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07420520500464379
Abstract Rhythms in the mammalian pineal organ depend on afferent information that is derived from the endogenous clock residing in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
The best characterized function of the pineal gland is the nocturnally elevated synthesis of the hormone melatonin, which provides the body with the signal of the duration of the
night period. The rate‐limiting enzyme for melatonin synthesis is arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT). In contrast to the transcriptional regulation of the Aanat gene in
rodents, a post‐translational shaping of the melatonin pattern is indicated in the human pineal gland. Despite the fact that melatonin levels can be determined easily in various
body fluids, the molecular elements involved in shaping the rhythmic hormone synthesis cannot be analyzed experimentally in the living organism. However, the use of
post‐mortem pineal material seems to constitute a valid approach to decipher the regulation of human melatonin synthesis.
Keywords AANAT, mRNA, Degradation, Post‐Mortem, HIOMT, Melatonin Circadian Rhythm, Human Beings
Tuesday, July 30, 2013 http://mcrol.trianglealumni.org/References-With_Abstracts.pdf Page 2 of 1047
Adrian W, Bhanji A Year 1992
Authors Adrian, W., Bhanji, A.
Report Name Fundamentals of disability glare: A formula to describe stray light in the eye as a function of glare angle and age.
Publication Proceedingsof the First International Symposium on Glare. New York: Lighting Research Institute.
Issue-page numbers pp. 185-193. (1992)
URL http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?space=CommunityPage&cached=true&parentname=ObjMgr&parentid=2&control=SetCommunity&CommunityID=404&RaiseDocID=00000000
Abstract N/A
Keywords Glare
Adrian WK Year 1968
Authors Adrian, W. K.
Report Name The Priniciples of Disability and Discomfort Glare
Publication Proceeding of the First Annual Symposium on Visibility in the Driving Task
Issue-page numbers Texas A and M University, 1 (1968), pp 75-95
URL http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/ow/219522212
Abstract
Keywords glare, visibility
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Aguzzi J, Bullock NM, Tosini G Year 2006
Authors Jacopo Aguzzi, Nicole M Bullock, Gianluca Tosini
Report Name Spontaneous internal desynchronization of locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms from plasma melatonin rhythm in rats exposed to constant dim light
Publication Journal of Circadian Rhythms (2006)
Issue-page numbers Volume: 4, Publisher: BioMed Central, Pages: 6
URL http://www.mendeley.com/research/spontaneous-internal-desynchronization-locomotor-activity-body-temperature-rhythms-plasma-melatonin-rhythm-rats-exposed-constant-dim-li
Abstract Background: We have recently reported that spontaneous internal desynchronization between the locomotor activity rhythm and the melatonin rhythm may occur in rats (30% of
tested animals) when they are maintained in constant dim red light (LLdim) for 60 days. Previous work has also shown that melatonin plays an important role in the modulation of
the circadian rhythms of running wheel activity (Rw) and body temperature (Tb). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect that desynchronization of the
melatonin rhythm may have on the coupling and expression of circadian rhythms in Rw and Tb. Methods: Rats were maintained in a temperature controlled (2324C) ventilated
lightproof room under LLdim (red dim light 1 W/cm2 5 Lux, lower wavelength cutoff at 640 nm). Animals were individually housed in cages equipped with a running wheel and a
magnetic sensor system to detect wheel rotation; Tb was monitored by telemetry. Tb and Rw data were recorded in 5-min bins and saved on disk. For each animal, we
determined the mesor and the amplitude of the Rw and Tb rhythm using waveform analysis on 7-day segments of the data. After sixty days of LLdim exposure, blood samples
(80100 M) were collected every 4 hours over a 24-hrs period from the tail artery, and serum melatonin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results: Twenty-one
animals showed clear circadian rhythms Rw and Tb, whereas one animal was arrhythmic. Rw and Tb rhythms were always strictly associated and we did not observe
desynchronization between these two rhythms. Plasma melatonin levels showed marked variations among individuals in the peak levels and in the night-to-day ratio. In six rats,
the night-to-day ratio was less than 2, whereas in the rat that showed arrhythmicity in Rw and Tb melatonin levels were high and rhythmic with a large night-to-day ratio. In seven
animals, serum melatonin levels peaked during the subjective day (from CT0 to CT8), thus suggesting that in these animals the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin
desynchronized from the circadian rhythms of Rw and Tb. No significant correlation was observed between the amplitude (or the levels) of the melatonin profile and the
amplitude and mesor of the Rw and Tb rhythms. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the free-running periods and the amplitude of Rw and Tb were not different between
desynchronized and non-desynchronized rats, thus suggesting that the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin plays a marginal role in the regulation of the Rw and Tb rhythms.
The present study also supports the notion that in the rat the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature are controlled by a single circadian pacemaker.
Keywords
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Akerstedt T, Palmblad J, de la Torre B et al. Year 1980
Authors Akerstedt T, Palmblad J, de la Torre B et al.
Report Name Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids during sleep deprivation
Publication Sleep
Issue-page numbers 3:23–30. PMID:6781027
URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6781027
Abstract Twelve healthy males were exposed to 48 hr of sleep deprivation under conditions of strictly controlled activity and of food and drink intake. During the experiment the subjects
were isolated from external time cures, i.e. no daylight, clocks, etc. Plasma samples were obtained before and at the end of the vigil, as well as after 5 days of recovery. Samples
were analyzed for adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones and for follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH). The levels of all unconjugated steroids studied
(cortisol, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone) were significantly lower at the end of the sleep deprivation period. Self-
ratings of fatigue were significantly higher at the end of the deprivation period. After recovery, all values returned to base line. No changes were observed in the levels of FSH,
LH, or most conjugated steroids. It was concluded that the results were not consistent with the view that sleep deprivation induces an emergency reaction with increased
activation, but rather that it results in lower levels of both psychological and physiological activation.
Keywords
Akhtar RA, Reddy AB, Maywood ES et al. Year 2002
Authors Ruth A. Akhtar6, 1, Akhilesh B. Reddy6, 2, Elizabeth S. Maywood2, Jonathan D. Clayton1, Verdun M. King3, Andrew G. Smith4, Timothy W. Gant4, Michael H. Hastings2 and Ch
Report Name Circadian cycling of the mouse liver transcriptome, as revealed by cDNA microarray, is driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Publication Curr Biol
Issue-page numbers 12:540–550 doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00759-5. PMID:11937022
URL http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2802%2900759-5
Abstract Background: Genes encoding the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of mammals have recently been identified, but the molecular basis of
circadian timing in peripheral tissue is not well understood. We used a custom-made cDNA microarray to identify mouse liver transcripts that show circadian cycles of abundance
under constant conditions.Results: Using two independent tissue sampling and hybridization regimes, we show that ∼9% of the 2122 genes studied show robust circadian
cycling in the liver. These transcripts were categorized by their phase of abundance, defining clusters of day- and night-related genes, and also by the function of their products.
Circadian regulation of genes was tissue specific, insofar as novel rhythmic liver genes were not necessarily rhythmic in the brain, even when expressed in the SCN. The
rhythmic transcriptome in the periphery is, nevertheless, dependent on the SCN because surgical ablation of the SCN severely dampened or destroyed completely the cyclical
expression of both canonical circadian genes and novel genes identified by microarray analysis.Conclusions: Temporally complex, circadian programming of the transcriptome in
a peripheral organ is imposed across a wide range of core cellular functions and is dependent on an interaction between intrinsic, tissue-specific factors and extrinsic regulation
by the SCN central pacemaker.
Keywords
Tuesday, July 30, 2013 http://mcrol.trianglealumni.org/References-With_Abstracts.pdf Page 5 of 1047
Albers A, Duriscoe D Year 2001
Authors Albers A, Duriscoe D.
Report Name Modeling Light Pollution From Population Data and Implications for National Park Service Lands
Publication The George Wright Forum
Issue-page numbers 2001;18:56-68
URL http://www.georgewright.org/184albers.pdf
Abstract There are many factors that affect nighttime sky brightness, both natural and human-made. It is useful to think of what the main light sources are and how this light is scattered.
The natural sources come from stars, the Milky Way, airglow, and moonlight. Human-made sources include streetlights and other outdoor
lights, concentrated largely in towns and cities. Light is scattered by air molecules, natural and anthropogenic particulates, and haze (an enlargement of these particulates related
to atmospheric moisture). The result of all these factors is what we see at night in terms of the sky brightness. To help clarify
the further discussion, some simplifications will be helpful. We will assume no moonlight and relatively low levels of particulates and haze—in other words, that we are looking at
the night sky under conditions that are among the best for a given location. We also neglect things such as surface albedo, which affects
how much light is directed upward from city lights. The main remaining factor is city lights, whose effect is approximately related to population, and natural airglow (a continuous
aurora-like glow) that actually varies during the course of the sunspot cycle. The darkest sites on earth have a brighter glow than those in outer space for two main reasons: the
scattering of starlight by the atmosphere, and airglow.
Keywords light pollution
Albrecht U, Sun ZS, Eichele G, Lee CC Year 1997
Authors Urs Albrecht1, ∣∣, Zhong Sheng Sun2, ∣∣, Gregor Eichele1, 3 and Cheng Chi Lee
Report Name A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light.
Publication Cell
Issue-page numbers 91:1055–1064 doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80495-X. PMID:9428527
URL http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2800%2980495-X
Abstract A mouse gene, mper1, having all the properties expected of a circadian clock gene, was reported recently. This gene is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN). mper1 maintains this pattern of circadian expression in constant darkness and can be entrained to a new light/dark cycle. Here we report the isolation of a
second mammalian gene, mper2, which also has these properties and greater homology to Drosophila period. Expression of mper1 and mper2 is overlapping but asynchronous
by 4 hr. mper1, unlike period and mper2 , is expressed rapidly after exposure to light at CT22. It appears that mper1 is the pacemaker component which responds to light and
thus mediates photic entrainment.
Keywords
Tuesday, July 30, 2013 http://mcrol.trianglealumni.org/References-With_Abstracts.pdf Page 6 of 1047
Alfinito PD, Townes-Anderson E Year 2002
Authors Peter D. Alfinito* and Ellen Townes-Anderson
Report Name Activation of mislocalized opsin kills rod cells: a novel mechanism for rod cell death in retinal disease
Publication Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Issue-page numbers 2002; 99:5655-6
URL http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5655.full.pdf
Abstract Rod photoreceptors are highly compartmentalized sensory neurons
that maintain strict ultrastructural and molecular polarity.
Structural subdivisions include the outer segment, inner segment,
cell body, and synaptic terminal. The visual pigment rhodopsin is
found predominantly in membranes of the rod cell outer segment
but becomes mislocalized, appearing throughout the plasma membrane
of the cell in many retinal diseases and injuries. Currently,
there is no known link between rhodopsin redistribution and rod
cell death. We propose that activation of mislocalized rhodopsin
kills rod cells by stimulating normally inaccessible signaling pathways.
This hypothesis was tested in primary retinal cell cultures,
which contain photoreceptors. In rod photoreceptors, opsin immunofluorescence
occurred throughout the rod cell plasma membrane.
Activation of this mislocalized opsin by photostimulation
after formation of isorhodopsin or by incubation with
-ionone
(opsin agonist) killed 19–30% of rod cells. Rod cell death was
apoptotic, as indicated by marked chromatin condensation and the
requirement for caspase-3 activation. Rod cell death could be
induced by forskolin (adenylate cyclase agonist), and conversely,

-ionone-induced cell death could be blocked by cotreatment with
SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor). Pertussis toxin (a G
protein inhibitor) also blocked
-ionone-induced cell death. The
data support a mechanism by which activation of mislocalized
opsin initiates apoptotic rod cell death through G protein stimulation
of adenylate cyclase.
Keywords
Tuesday, July 30, 2013 http://mcrol.trianglealumni.org/References-With_Abstracts.pdf Page 7 of 1047
Algvere PV, Marshall J, Seregard S Year 2006
Authors Peep V. Algvere, John Marshall and Stefan Seregard
Report Name Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard
Publication ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA
Issue-page numbers 84: 4–15
URL http://www.healingtheeye.com/Articles/maculopathy_blue_light_hazard.pdf
Abstract The pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy (ARM), the most common cause of
visual loss after the age of 60 years, is indeed a complicated scenario that involves
a variety of hereditary and environmental factors. The pathological cellular and
molecular events underlying retinal photochemical light damage, including photoreceptor
apoptosis, have been analysed in experimental animal models. Studies of agerelated
alterations of the retina and photoreceptors, the accumulation of lipofuscin in
retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and the formation of drusen have greatly
contributed to our knowledge. A new concept of an inflammatory response to drusen
has emerged, suggesting immunogenic and systemic reactions in Bruch’s membrane
and the subretinal space. Oxidative stress and free radical damage also impact on the
photoreceptors and RPE cells in the ageing eye. Based on the photoelectric effect, a
fundamental concept in quantum physics, the consequences of high-energy irradiation
have been analysed in animal models and cell culture. Short-wavelength radiation
(rhodopsin spectrum), and the blue light hazard (excitation peak 440 nm), have been
shown to have a major impact on photoreceptor and RPE function, inducing photochemical
damage and apoptotic cell death. Following cataract surgery, there is a
dramatic change in ocular transmittance. In aphakic or pseudophakic eyes (with clear
intraocular lenses), high-energy (blue) and ultraviolet-A radiation strikes the retina.
Epidemiological data indicate a significantly increased 5-year incidence of late ARM
in non-phakic eyes compared with phakic eyes. In recent years, putative prophylactic
measures against ARM have emerged. The implantation of ‘yellow’ intraocular lenses
(IOLs) that absorb high-energy blue radiation is, from a theoretical point of view, the
most rational approach, and, from a practical point of view, is easy to accomplish.
With increasing age, RPE cells accumulate lipofuscin (chromophore A2E). It is
noteworthy that the yellow IOL not only protects A2E-laden human RPE cells
from blue light (peak 430 nm) damage, but also alleviates the detrimental effects of
green (peak 550 nm) and white light. A prophylactic treatment using antioxidants is
aimed at counteracting oxidative stress and free radical cellular damage. The Age-
Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a randomized clinical trial, showed a significantly
lower incidence of late ARM in a cohort of patients with drusen maculopathy
treated with high doses of antioxidants than in a placebo group. In recent years,
considerable progress in retinal research has been achieved, creating a platform for the
search for new prophylactic and therapeutic measures to alleviate or prevent photoreceptor
and RPE degeneration in ARM.
Keywords age-related maculopathy – short-wavelength radiation – blue light hazard
Tuesday, July 30, 2013 http://mcrol.trianglealumni.org/References-With_Abstracts.pdf Page 8 of 1047
Altimus CM, Güler AD, Alam NM, et al. Year 2010
Authors Cara M Altimus, Ali D Güler, Nazia M Alam, A Cyrus Arman, Glen T Prusky, Alapakkam P Sampath & Samer Hattar
Report Name Rod photoreceptors drive circadian photoentrainment across a wide range of light intensities
Publication Nature Neuroscience
Issue-page numbers 13, Pages: 1107–1112 Year published: (2010) doi:10.1038/nn.2617
URL http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v13/n9/full/nn.2617.html
Abstract In mammals, synchronization of the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamus is achieved through direct input from the eyes conveyed by intrinsically photosensitive retinal
ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Circadian photoentrainment can be maintained by rod and cone photoreceptors, but their functional contributions and their retinal circuits that impinge
on ipRGCs are not well understood. Using mice that lack functional rods or in which rods are the only functional photoreceptors, we found that rods were solely responsible for
photoentrainment at scotopic light intensities. Rods were also capable of driving circadian photoentrainment at photopic intensities at which they were incapable of supporting a
visually guided behavior. Using mice in which cone photoreceptors were ablated, we found that rods signal through cones at high light intensities, but not at low light intensities.
Thus, rods use two distinct retinal circuits to drive ipRGC function to support circadian photoentrainment across a wide range of light intensities.
Keywords
Amalric R, Gautherie M, Hobbins WB et al. Year 1981
Authors Amalric R, Gautherie M, Hobbins WB, Stark A, Thierree RA.
Report Name [The future of women with isolated abnormal infrared thermogram of the breast (author’s transl)]
Publication Nouv Presse Med
Issue-page numbers 10:3153–3155. PMID:7290978
URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7290978
Abstract Abnormal infra-red thermograms of the breast are called "isolated" when they are not accompanied by other clinical or paraclinical abnormalities. They occur in asymptomatic
women systematically examined or in women consulting for mammary symptoms other than palpable nodules. Their incidence is about 10-15%. They are usually considered as
"false-positive" findings, but when these women are regularly followed up breast cancers are found to occur with a frequency ranging from 5% to 38%. "False-positive"
thermograms therefore imply a high risk of breast cancer. Extremely prolonged clinical surveillance with periodical radiothermic tests and, if necessary, guided biopsies are
required for early detection of small-size or even impalpable mammary carcinomas.
Keywords
Tuesday, July 30, 2013 http://mcrol.trianglealumni.org/References-With_Abstracts.pdf Page 9 of 1047
An M, Huang J, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T Year 2009
Authors An M, Huang J, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T.
Report Name Time-of-day-dependent effects of monochromatic light exposure on human cognitive function
Publication J Physiol Anthropol
Issue-page numbers Sep;28(5):217-23.
URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19823003
Abstract Light elicits non-visual effects on a wide range of biological functions and behavior. These effects are mediated by a melanopsin-based photoreceptor system that is very
sensitive to blue light (440-480 nm) relative to the three-cone visual photopic system. The aim of the current study was to assess the time-of-day-dependent effects of two
different wavelength monochromatic lights at 458 nm and 550 nm on human cognitive function. We conducted an experiment in the daytime and nighttime on different days.
Twelve subjects were selected, none of whom was either morning-type or evening-type, as assessed by a translated version of the morningness/eveningness questionnaire. The
cognitive function was measured by event-related potential (ERP) using an oddball task, and arousal level was measured by the Alpha Attenuation Test (AAT). We found that
458 nm light exposure caused a significantly larger P300 amplitude than occurred with 550 nm light. There was a significant interaction among wavelength, time of day, and
electrode site. Exposure to 458 nm light induced a larger P300 amplitude at nighttime than in the daytime at the Fz electrode site. The Alpha Attenuation Coefficient (AAC) at
nighttime was higher than in the daytime. Our results suggest that short wavelength monochromatic light can affect the circadian rhythms of cognitive functions, and indicate that
these effects are mediated by a melanopsin-based photoreceptor system. This study has extended previous findings in terms of time of day, and higher cognitive function by
using an endogenous ERP component, P300.
Keywords
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